Stories and names: Archival description as narrating records and constructing meanings - Duff, Wendy M.; Harris, Verne (Archival Science, 2002)
The authors of this essay, coming from very different traditions and modes of archival discourse, explore together archival description as a field of archival thinking and practice. Their shared conviction is that records are always in the process of being made, and that the stories of their making are parts of bigger stories understandable only in the ever-changing broader contexts of society. The exploration begins with an interrogation of the traditional and ever-valid questions of the what and the why of archival description. Thereafter they offer a deconstruction of these questions and of the answers commonly proffered. In these sections of the essay their concern is with descriptive architecture, the analysis covering a number of specific architectures and including only oblique references to descriptive standardization. The concluding section attempts to draw out the implications of their analysis for endeavours - irrespective of the architectures being used - to define, and to justify, descriptive standards. Their call is not to dispense with standardization, but rather to create space for a liberatory approach which engages creatively the many dangers of standardization.
Other Publications

A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Glendon, Mary Ann (Random House Publishing Group, 2002)
Unafraid to speak her mind and famously tenacious in her convictions, Eleanor Roosevelt was still mourning the death of FDR when she was asked by President Truman to lead a controversial commission, under the auspices of the newly formed United Nations, to forge the world’s first international bill of rights. A World Made New is the dramatic and inspiring story of the remarkable group of men and women from around the world who participated in this historic achievement and gave us the founding document of the modern human rights movement. Spurred on by the horrors of the Second World War and working against the clock in the brief window of hope between the armistice and the Cold War, they grappled together to articulate a new vision of the rights that every man and woman in every country around the world should share, regardless of their culture or religion.A landmark work of narrative history based in part on diaries and letters to which Mary Ann Glendon, an award-winning professor of law at Harvard University, was given exclusive access, A World Made New is the first book devoted to this crucial turning point in Eleanor Roosevelt’s life, and in world history.Finalist for the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award
Google-Books-ID: PHI5XTOi4gUC
Keywords: Biography & Autobiography / Political; History / United States / 20th Century; Political Science / Human Rights; References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights

Mechanisms complementing prosecution - Olson, Laura (Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge/International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Archives, records, and power: The making of modern memory - Schwartz, Joan M.; Cook, Terry (Archival Science, 2002)
This article serves as the general introduction by the guest editors to the first of two thematic issues of Archival Science that will explore the theme, "archives, records, and power." Archives as institutions and records as documents are generally seen by academic and other users, and by society generally, as passive resources to be .exploited for various historical and cultural purposes. Historians since the mid-nineteenth century, in pursuing the new scientific history, needed an archive that was a neutral repositories of facts. Until very recently, archivists obliged by extolling their own professional myth of impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity. Yet archives are established by the powerful to protect or enhance their position in society. Through archives, the past is controlled. Certain stories are privileged and others marginalized. And archivists are an integral part of this story-telling. In the design of record-keeping systems, in the appraisal and selection of a tiny fragment of all possible records to enter the archive, in approaches to subsequent and ever-changing description and preservation of the archive, and in its patterns of communication and use, archivists continually reshape, reinterpret, and reinvent the archive. This represents enormous power over memory and identity, over the fundamental ways in which society seeks evidence of what its core values are and have been, where it has come from, and where it is going. Archives, then, are not passive storehouses of old stuff', but active sites where social power is negotiated, contested, confirmed. The power of archives, records, and archivists should no longer remain naturalized or denied, but opened to vital debate and transparent accountability.
Keywords: Archival theory; References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights; archives and power relationships; identity formation; representation and reality; social memory

Reflections on the Goal of Archival Appraisal in Democratic Societies - Eastwood, Terry (Archivaria, 2002)
Other Publications

Establishing Recognition of Past Injustices: Uses of Archival Records in Documenting the Experience of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War - Roberts-Moore, Judith (Archivaria, 2002)
Other Publications

Selected Themes in the Literature on Memory and Their Pertinence to Archives - Craig, Barbara L. (The American Archivist, 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Virginity Testing in Turkey: A Violation of Women’s Human Rights - Lasco, Chanté (Human Rights Brief, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights

Recordkeeping, reconciliation and political reality - Piggott, Michael; McKemmish, Sue (Australian Society of Archivists Annual Conference, 2002)
Other Publications
Keywords: Uncategorized

DECLARATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND HUMAN DUTIES - Valencia, Fundacion; Milenio, Tercer (globalization.icaap.org, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights

Romania: Bottom of the Heap - Judt, Tony (The New York Review, 2001)
The February 2000 issue of the Bucharest men's magazine Plai cu Boi features one Princess Brianna Caradja. Variously clad in leather or nothing much at
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies - Brito, Alexandra Barahona De; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (Oxford University Press, 2001)
One of the most important political and ethical issues faced during a political transition from authoritarian or totalitarian to democratic rule is how to deal with legacies of repression. This book explores the important aspect of transitional politics, assessing how Portugal, Spain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Germany after reunification, Russia, the Southern Cone of Latin America and Central America, as well as South Africa, have confronted legacies of repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Tacit narratives: The meanings of archives - Ketelaar, Eric (Archival Science, 2001)
Archivists and historians usually consider archives as repositories of historical sources and the archivist as a neutral custodian. Sociologists and anthropologists see "the archive" also as a system of collecting, categorizing, and exploiting memories. Archivists are hesitantly acknowledging their role in shaping memories. I advocate that archival fonds, archival documents, archival institutions, and archival systems contain tacit narratives which must be deconstructed in order to understand the meanings of archives.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Judging the Past in Unified Germany - McAdams, A. James (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
In recent years, no modern democracy has taken more aggressive steps to come to terms with a legacy of dictatorship than has the Federal Republic of Germany with the crimes and injustices of Communist East Germany. In this book, A. James McAdams provides a comprehensive and engaging examination of the four most prominent instances of this policy: criminal trials for the killings at the Berlin Wall; the disqualification of administrative personnel for secret-police ties; parliamentary truth-telling commissions; and private property restitution. On the basis of extensive interviews in Bonn and Berlin over the 1990s, McAdams gives new insight into the difficulties German politicians, judges, bureaucrats, and public officials faced sitting in judgment on the affairs of another state. He argues provocatively that the success of their policies must be measured in terms of the way they used East German history to justify their actions. In 1997, A. James McAdams was awarded the DAAD Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German Studies. He is Professor and Chair of the Department of Government and International Studies at University of Notre Dame, in Notre Dame, Indiana. He is the author of East Germany and Détente (Cambridge University Press, 1985), Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification (Princeton University Press, 1992), and co-author of Rebirth: A Political History of Europe Since World War II (Westview Press, 1999). McAdams is also editor of Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies (University of Notre Dame Press, 1997).
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence - Rigby, Andrew (Lynne Rienner Pub, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 2001)
Other Publications

The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala - Chapman, Audrey; Ball, Patrick (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
This article identifies some of the complexities and factors shaping the efforts of truth commissions. It also evaluates the kinds of truths that truth commissions can most appropriately seek to determine. While truth commissions are often portrayed as generic bodies, they have very different approaches to the kind of "truth" they are seeking. Their official mandates, the perceptions and priorities of their commissioners and key staff, the methodological orientations utilized, and the level of resources available all shape the nature of their findings and the type of report they produce. In addition, decisions made by those working within a specific truth commission, sometimes without an understanding of their implications, often have important consequences for truth-finding. The analysis draws on the experience of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) Science and Human Rights Program in providing scientific and technical assistance to three recent truth commissions-the Haitian National Commission for Truth and Justice (CNVJ), the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC), and the Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) in Guatemala.
Other Publications

The Past That Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Political Forgiveness - Digeser, Peter (Cornell University Press, 2001)
What does forgiveness mean when it appears in politics, and what is its relationship to other ideas in political philosophy? In Political Forgiveness, P. E. Digeser defends a conception of forgiveness against those who are skeptical of its desirability as a political idea. While much of the previous work on forgiveness reflects theological or psychological perspectives, Digeser offers a concept of political forgiveness that is secular and public rather than religious or personal. It centers on the capacity of victims and creditors to release transgressors and debtors from their moral and financial debts. "If justice is a matter of receiving one's due", he says, "then political forgiveness entails releasing one's due". Nevertheless, political forgiveness remains connected to justice in important ways.Exploring the limits and possibilities of political forgiveness, Digeser considers not only its relationship to justice, but also such issues as who has authority to forgive, the connection between forgiveness and reconciliation, the meaning and scope of group responsibility, the idea of pardoning as a form of political forgiveness, and whether there is an obligation to forgive.
Google-Books-ID: lSfsKx5ZayoC
Keywords: Political Science / General; Political Science / History & Theory; References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights: A Survey of Archival Sources in the United States and Canada - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Other Publications

Clarification Commission in Guatemala - Tomuschat, Christian (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Universalizing Human Rights: The Role of Small States in the Construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Waltz, Susan (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights

Establishment of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues - Economic and Social Council Resolution 2000/22 - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations, 2000)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights

The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography - Maier, Charles S. (University of California Press, 2000)
The Rape of Nanjing was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II. On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing, then the capital of wartime China. According to the International Military Tribunal, during the ensuing massacre 20,000 Chinese men of military age were killed and approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred; in all, the total number of people killed in and around the city of Nanjing was about 200,000. This carefully researched, intelligent collection of original essays considers the post-World War II treatment in China of the Nanjing Massacre and Japan. The book examines how the issue has developed as a political and diplomatic controversy in the five decades since World War II.In his introduction, Joshua A. Fogel raises the significant moral and historiographical issues that frame the other essays. Mark Eykholt then provides an account of postwar Chinese responses to the massacre. Takashi Yoshida assesses the attempts to downplay the incident and its effects, providing a revealing analysis of Japanese debates over Japan's role in the world and the continuing ambivalence of many Japanese toward their defeat in World War II. In the concluding essay, Daqing Yang widens the scope of the discussion by comparing the Nanjing historiographic debates to similar debates in Germany over the nature of the Holocaust.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Bassiouni, M. Cherif (UN,, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Archives and Research on Historical Memory: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay - Bickford, Louis (Latin American Research Review, 2000)
[This research note discusses an emerging subfield of inquiry in the study of democratization in Latin America: a focus on the relationships between past human rights abuses and democratization processes. It outlines four sets of questions emerging around the themes of "historical memory" and "legacies of authoritarian rule." The study then examines documentary collections of major human rights nongovernmental organizations (HRNGOs) in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. The purpose of this endeavor is to provide researchers interested in studying the four issues with specific information on documents produced and currently held by the HRNGOs in the Southern Cone. The essay examines seven HRNGOs in Chile, ten in Argentina, and four in Uruguay, and ends with practical hints for researchers who wish to use these resources.]
Other Publications

ISAD(G): General international standard archival description; adopted by the Committee on Descriptive Standards, Stockholm, Sweden, 19-22 Sept. 1999 - International Council of Archives (International Council on Archives, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

Arresting Nazi spies in Vichy France (1940–42) - Kitson, Simon (Intelligence and National Security, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021); Archives and Human Rights

The Challenge of Human Rights – CHARLES MALIK and the Universal Declaration - Malik, Habib C. (The Centre for Lebanese Studies and I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
Charles Malik of Lebanon was a key player at the UN in this historical drama that extracted a set of universal human rights out of the chaos of antagonistic ideologies and clashing world-views. This book contains a distillation of his writings, interventions and reflections on the making of the Universal Declaration, the contentious issues grappled with along the way, some of the personalities involved in the process, and the laborious stages of the process itself.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2); Archives and Human Rights