Press Conference by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Wednesday, June 11, 2014 (AM) - Suga, Yoshihide (Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, 2014)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

History textbooks and the wars in Asia: divided memories - Shin, Gi-Wook; Sneider, Daniel C. (Routledge contemporary Asia series, 2011)
Keywords: 20th century; East Asia; Historiography; History, Military Historiography; History, Military Study and teaching (Secondary); History, Military Textbooks; Nationalism and education; Nationalism and historiography; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social aspects

Mediated Massacre: Digital Nationalism and History Discourse on China's Web - Schneider, Florian (The Journal of Asian Studies, 2018)
On China's web, networked actors ranging from state agencies to private Internet users engage in highly active online discourse. Yet as diverse as this discourse may be, political content remains highly regulated, particularly on issues that affect the legitimacy of the ruling party. A prominent issue in this regard has been modern Chinese history, particularly the "national humiliation" that Japan inflicted on China's populace during events like the 1937 Nanjing Massacre. This article asks how the discourse on this particular event is structured on China's web, and what such practices of digital "remembering" can tell us about nationalism in the information age. Combining content analysis and digital tools, the article shows how the mass-media model that the Chinese authorities and various commercial actors apply to the web ultimately reproduces the very logic of "imagined communities" that makes reconciliation of historical disputes in East Asia so protracted.
Keywords: Asian Studies; Asian history; Chinese languages; Collective memory; Communication; Content analysis; Cultural heritage; Digital broadcasting; Digital media; Discourse; Disputes; Encyclopedias; Government agencies; Historiography; Humiliation; Information sources; International relations; Internet; Knowledge; Legitimacy; Literature; Mass media; Mass murders; Massacres; Memory; Modern history; Narratives; Nation states; National reconciliation; Nationalism; Political Science--International Relations; Political discourse; Political power; Politics; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works; Social networks

The History Problem: The Politics of War Commemoration in East Asia - Saito, Hiro (University of Hawaii Press, 2016)
Seventy years have passed since the end of the Asia-Pacific War, yet Japan remains embroiled in controversy with its neighbors over the war’s commemoration. Among the many points of contention between Japan, China, and South Korea are interpretations of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, apologies and compensation for foreign victims of Japanese aggression, prime ministerial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, and the war’s portrayal in textbooks. Collectively, these controversies have come to be called the “history problem.” But why has the problem become so intractable? Can it ever be resolved, and if so, how? To answer these questions author Hiro Saito mobilizes the sociology of collective memory and social movements, political theories of apology and reconciliation, psychological research on intergroup conflict, and philosophical reflections on memory and history. The history problem, he argues, is essentially a relational phenomenon caused when nations publicly showcase self-serving versions of the past at key ceremonies and events: Japan, South Korea, and China all focus on what happened to their own citizens with little regard for foreign others. Saito goes on to explore the emergence of a cosmopolitan form of commemoration taking humanity, rather than nationality, as its primary frame of reference, an approach increasingly used by a transnational network of advocacy NGOs, victims of Japan’s past wrongdoings, historians, and educators. When cosmopolitan commemoration is practiced as a collective endeavor by both perpetrators and victims, Saito argues, a resolution of the history problem—and eventual reconciliation—will finally become possible.The History Problem examines a vast corpus of historical material in both English and Japanese, offering provocative findings that challenge orthodox explanations. Written in clear and accessible prose, this uniquely interdisciplinary book will appeal to sociologists, political scientists, and historians researching collective memory, nationalism and cosmopolitanism, and international relations—and to anyone interested in the commemoration of historical wrongs.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Sino-Japanese Relations: Facing the Past, Looking to the Future? - Rose, Caroline (Routledge, 2004)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Press Conference by the Chief Cabinet Secretary October 13, 2017 (AM) | Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet - Nogami, Kotaro (2017)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

A failure of global documentary heritage? UNESCO's ‘memory of the world’ and heritage dissonance in East Asia - Nakano, Ryoko (Contemporary Politics, 2018)
UNESCO’s ‘Memory of the World’ Programme promotes the preservation, universal access and public awareness of the world’s signiﬁcant documents as the common heritage of all humankind. The inscription of the ‘Documents of Nanjing Massacre’ into the ‘Memory of the World’ Register in 2015 reﬂects an increasingly globalised concern in the post–Cold War era over the remembrance of war and atrocity. Yet it has reignited the tension between Japan and China, resulting in strong pressure on UNESCO to reform its selection process for contested heritage. This paper addresses the limitations encountered by UNESCO in pursuing the promotion of global documentary heritage from an English School perspective. The 2015 controversy is relevant and indicative to an important question of International Relations on an inherent tension between the solidarist forces of promoting a normative agenda on human rights and common heritage and the pluralist pull of maintaining sovereignty and bringing heritage back to the hands of states.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics - Lind, Jennifer (Cornell University Press, 2010)
Governments increasingly offer or demand apologies for past human rights abuses, and it is widely believed that such expressions of contrition are necessary to promote reconciliation between former adversaries. The post-World War II experiences of Japan and Germany suggest that international apologies have powerful healing effects when they are offered, and poisonous effects when withheld. West Germany made extensive efforts to atone for wartime crimes-formal apologies, monuments to victims of the Nazis, and candid history textbooks; Bonn successfully reconciled with its wartime enemies. By contrast, Tokyo has made few and unsatisfying apologies and approves school textbooks that whitewash wartime atrocities. Japanese leaders worship at the Yasukuni Shrine, which honors war criminals among Japan's war dead. Relations between Japan and its neighbors remain tense.Examining the cases of South Korean relations with Japan and of French relations with Germany, Jennifer Lind demonstrates that denials of past atrocities fuel distrust and inhibit international reconciliation. In Sorry States, she argues that a country's acknowledgment of past misdeeds is essential for promoting trust and reconciliation after war. However, Lind challenges the conventional wisdom by showing that many countries have been able to reconcile without much in the way of apologies or reparations. Contrition can be highly controversial and is likely to cause a domestic backlash that alarms?rather than assuages?outside observers. Apologies and other such polarizing gestures are thus unlikely to soothe relations after conflict, Lind finds, and remembrance that is less accusatory-conducted bilaterally or in multilateral settings-holds the most promise for international reconciliation.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

On the Persistence of the Japanese History Problem: Historicism and the International Politics of History - Koyama, Hitomi (Routledge, 2018)
In Japan, people often refer to August 15, 1945 as the end of
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

New inscriptions on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register (Statement by Foreign Press Secretary Yasuhisa Kawamura) - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives for a Peaceful Future: A Guidance Note for Working with the Archives of Truth Commissions in Dealing with the Past - Rubli, Sandra (Swisspeace, 2013)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

38th session of the General Conference of UNESCO Speech by the head of the Japanese delegation - Hase, Hiroshi (Unesco, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Sino-Japanese battle for soft power: pitfalls and promises - Hagström, Linus (Global Affairs, 2015)
Beijing and Tokyo are currently involved in a zero-sum battle for soft power. Both governments are actively trying to shape how third party actors understand contested matters in their bilateral relationship. The dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands is the most obvious flashpoint in this ongoing struggle for hearts and minds. A soft power battle might seem like an innocent endeavour, but by entrenching enmity and legitimizing armed conflict, it might actually translate into one where hard power takes centre stage. Indeed, that the dissemination and entrenchment of affective identity narrative make violence seem normal, natural, realistic or perhaps even inevitable is the greatest danger associated with the ongoing Sino-Japanese dispute. However, if both parties were to agree to let the International Court of Justice settle their discord, the islands dispute could provide them with a chance to boost their respective soft power and lay the groundwork for a more peaceful order in East Asia. The article thus argues that the Sino-Japanese soft power battle contains both well-known pitfalls and a less well-known promise.
Keywords: China; Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands; Japan; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; identity; narrative; soft power

Temporal othering, de-securitisation and apologies: understanding Japanese security policy change - Gustafsson, Karl (Journal of International Relations and Development, 2020)
For several decades, Japan kept in place significant self-imposed constraints on its security policy even as its economy grew tremendously. While it has been argued that Japan refrained from enacting security policy change because of strong domestic pacifist or anti-militarist sentiments, recently, radical policy changes have nonetheless taken place. How can these changes be understood? The existing explanations typically see them as a response to objectively existing or constructed external threats. Such threat constructions might have contributed to the policy changes, but do not fully account for how the conditions that previously limited similar changes have altered. This article combines temporal othering and de-securitisation theory to account more fully for the policy changes. It shows that during the post-war period, Japan’s temporal other, that is its wartime self, was securitised within Japan, limiting changes in security policy. More recently, however, a de-securitisation of the Japanese temporal other has taken place, which has enabled more far-reaching policy change. Apologies have played a key role in this de-securitisation process by repeating and strengthening an identity narrative about how fundamentally different Japan has become from its past wartime self.
Keywords: Apology; De-securitisation; Japan; Re-articulation; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Security; Temporal othering

Routinised recognition and anxiety: Understanding the deterioration in Sino-Japanese relations - Gustafsson, Karl (Review of International Studies, 2016)
Why do interstate relations deteriorate and become conflictual, even under conditions where one might expect improved ties? The article seeks an answer to this question through a case study of the deterioration in Sino-Japanese relations in the twenty-first century, which took place despite the existence of several factors that might be thought likely to have led to an improvement. Existing theoretical approaches cannot fully explain this puzzle. The article argues that such deteriorations can result from disruptions to states' reciprocally performed routinised recognition, and identifies three mechanisms through which these can occur. To facilitate this argument, the article draws on scholarship on relational identity, recognition, and ontological security to develop a theory of identity construction that takes account of how self and other routinise the ways in which they recognise each other and how they react to the other's representational practices.
Keywords: 21st century; Anxiety; Case studies; Identity; International relations; Ontology; Political Science--International Relations; Political theory; Power; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Scholarship

How to make former aggressors repent through shaming and praising: the case of Sino-Japanese relations - Gustafsson, Karl (Global Affairs, 2015)
The past wrongdoings of states have received increased attention in recent years, resulting in calls for contrition and apologies. Most commentary has provided policy advice primarily on how former aggressors should handle such “history problems”. The present article, by contrast, draws on insights from research on recognition and ontological security to construct a framework for how external actors can use shaming and praising to influence the ways in which former aggressors deal with the past. The framework is illustrated in a brief case study of Sino-Japanese relations. Three main policy prescriptions are presented: (1) denial of the former aggressor's identity should be avoided; (2) shaming should instead take the form of suggesting that the former aggressor's behaviour is not in accordance with its self-identity; and (3) such shaming is likely to be more successful if it is accompanied by praise for the target.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Sino-Japanese relations; apologies; history problems; ontological security; recognition; shaming

Identity and recognition: remembering and forgetting the post-war in Sino-Japanese relations - Gustafsson, Karl (The Pacific Review, 2015)
In the 1990s, Japanese views of China were relatively positive. In the 2000s, however, views of China have deteriorated markedly and China has increasingly come to be seen as ‘anti-Japanese’. How can these developments, which took place despite increased economic interdependence, be understood? One seemingly obvious explanation is the occurrence of ‘anti-Japanese’ incidents in China since the mid-2000s. I suggest that these incidents per se do not fully explain the puzzle. Protests against other countries occasionally occur and may influence public opinion. Nonetheless, the interpretation of such events arguably determines their significance. Demonstrations may be seen as legitimate or spontaneous. If understood as denying recognition of an actor's self-identity, the causes of such incidents are likely to have considerably deeper and more severe consequences than what would otherwise be the case. Through an analysis of Japanese parliamentary debates and newspaper editorials, the paper demonstrates that the Chinese government has come to be seen as denying Japan's self-identity as a peaceful state that has provided China with substantial amounts of official development aid (ODA) during the post-war era. This is mainly because China teaches patriotic education, which is viewed as the root cause of ‘anti-Japanese’ incidents. China, then, is not regarded as ‘anti-Japanese’ merely because of protests against Japan and attacks on Japanese material interests but for denying a key component of Japan's self-image. Moreover, the analysis shows that explicit Chinese statements recognising Japan's self-identity have been highly praised in Japan. The article concludes that if China recognises Japan's self-understanding of its identity as peaceful, Japan is more likely to stick to this identity and act accordingly whereas Chinese denials of it might empower Japanese actors who seek to move away from this identity and ‘normalise’ Japan, for example, by revising the pacifist Article Nine of the Japanese constitution.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Sino-Japanese relations; anti-Japanism; identity; ontological security; recognition

Memory Politics and Ontological Security in Sino-Japanese Relations - Gustafsson, Karl (Asian Studies Review, 2014)
Most international relations (IR) research on the role of collective memory and representations of the past gives the impression that these primarily matter for states constrained internationally by their history as aggressors, such as Japan. How former perpetrator states represent the past is seen as important for bilateral relations because it may affect perceptions in previously victimised states. Representations of the past in the victimised states are seldom dealt with. This article argues that war memory in victimised states is also highly relevant for bilateral relations, since it is closely connected to “ontological security”, or the “security of identity”. By analysing Chinese ofﬁcial documents and Japanese parliamentary debates the article shows how the Chinese government has used representations of the past for ontological security purposes, and how in response Japanese political actors have politicised exhibits at Chinese war museums that are seen as a threat to Japanese identity and interests.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Is China's Discursive Power Increasing? The "Power of the Past" in Sino-Japanese Relations - Gustafsson, Karl (Asian Perspective, 2014)
The idea that China's rise, and more specifically its increased material capabilities, are about to produce a power shift in East Asia raises the question whether the Chinese government's ability to produce effects through discursive power has also increased. The government's use of discourses about China's war against Japan is a conspicuous example of attempts to exercise discursive power. Has China's ability to use the past for political purposes increased as its material capabilities have grown? To answer this question, I theorize on the use of discourses about the past on three levels-domestic, bilateral, and international. My analysis demonstrates that notwithstanding its increased material capabilities, the Chinese government's discursive power has actually decreased.
Keywords: Collective memory; Economic growth; Identity; International relations; Ontology; Political Science; Political Science--International Relations; Political power; Politics; Power; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Studies

NARRATIVES AND BILATERAL RELATIONS: RETHINKING THE “HISTORY ISSUE” IN SINO- JAPANESE RELATIONS - Gustafsson, Karl (Stockholm University, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ARCHIVAL POLICIES IN THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - Quintana, Antonio González (International Council on Archives, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

China to set up database for Nanjing Massacre files after UNESCO listing - Global Times - Xinhua Published (Global Times, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Japanese history textbook controversy at a crossroads?: joint history research, politicization of textbook adoption process, and apology fatigue in Japan - Fukuoka, Kazuya (Global Change, Peace & Security, 2018)
Japan’s kyōkasho mondai (history textbook controversy) is at a crossroads. This article tries to exemplify it through the analysis of three issue areas at three levels (international, domestic, and societal). Internationally, the study looks into the failure of much anticipated joint history writing projects with China (2006–2010) and South Korea (2002–2005, 2007–2010). Domestically, this study problematises the recent politicisation of the textbook adoption system through the analysis of the Yokohama and Tokyo cases. The article also discusses the role of Nippon Kaigi (The Japan Conference), an influential rightist lobbying group, in this process. In this conjunction, at the societal level, there seems to have been the growing sense of frustration and resignation with China / South Korea among the Japanese public (i.e. apology fatigue). All these suggest that there has been an underlying change in the landscape of history textbook controversy in Japan, which also cogently shows the on-going practical difficulty in building trustworthy relationships between Japan and China / South Korea. This study tries to offer a contextual understanding about the underlying conditions for (and, hence, the changing societal expectations about) textbook production, content and reception.
Keywords: Correction; History textbook controversy; Japan; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; apology fatigue; joint history textbook research; securitization; textbook adoption process

The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography - Maier, Charles S. (University of California Press, 2000)
The Rape of Nanjing was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II. On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing, then the capital of wartime China. According to the International Military Tribunal, during the ensuing massacre 20,000 Chinese men of military age were killed and approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred; in all, the total number of people killed in and around the city of Nanjing was about 200,000. This carefully researched, intelligent collection of original essays considers the post-World War II treatment in China of the Nanjing Massacre and Japan. The book examines how the issue has developed as a political and diplomatic controversy in the five decades since World War II.In his introduction, Joshua A. Fogel raises the significant moral and historiographical issues that frame the other essays. Mark Eykholt then provides an account of postwar Chinese responses to the massacre. Takashi Yoshida assesses the attempts to downplay the incident and its effects, providing a revealing analysis of Japanese debates over Japan's role in the world and the continuing ambivalence of many Japanese toward their defeat in World War II. In the concluding essay, Daqing Yang widens the scope of the discussion by comparing the Nanjing historiographic debates to similar debates in Germany over the nature of the Holocaust.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Contested Memories in Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy - Dian, Matteo (Chandos Publishing, 2017)
Contested Memories in Chinese and Japanese Foreign Policy explores the issue of memory and lack of reconciliation in East Asia. As main East Asian nations have never achieved a common memory of their pasts, in particular, the events of the Second World War and Sino-Japanese War, this book locates the issue of memory within International Relations theory, exploring the theoretical and practical link between the construction of a country’s identity and the formation and contestation of its historical memory and foreign policy.Provides an innovative theoretical frameworkDraws connections between the role of memory and foreign policyUses the interpretative theory of international relationsGives comparative perspective using the cases of China and JapanPresents in-depth analysis of the construction and contestation of national memory in China and Japan
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Nanjing Massacre memorial sees record visitors on Tomb-Sweeping Day - China - Chinadaily.com.cn - Xinhua (China daily, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Political Survival and Yasukuni in Japan's Relations with China - Cheung, Mong (Routledge, 2018)
What role does the political survival of prime ministers play in Japan’s relations with China over the Yasukuni issue? Three Japanese prime ministers, including Nakasone Yasuhiro, Hashimoto Ryutaro and Abe Shinzo, complied with China’s demands and stopped visiting the controversial Shrine in 1986, 1997 and 2007, respectively. By contrast, the Yasukuni controversy intensified between 2001 and 2006 when a popular Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro was determined to pay regular homage to the Yasukuni Shrine annually. Prime Minister Abe, who previously demonstrated restraint over the issue in his first term between 2006 and 2007, visited the Yasukuni unexpectedly in 2013 but not in 2014 or 2015. To explain this variation, this book presents an alternative interpretation of Japan’s official responses toward China’s pressure over the Yasukuni issue between 1985 and 2015 by applying a political survival approach that highlights the domestic political legitimacy of the Japanese prime minister or the ruling party.This book will be of great interest to students and researchers of Sino-Japanese relations, Japan’s foreign policy and international relations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Nomination Form - International Memory of the World Register - Documents of Nanjing Massacre - Central Archives of China; The Second Historical Archives of China; Liaoning Provincial Archives, China; Jilin Provincial Archives, China; Shanghai Municipal Archives, China; Nanjing Municipal Archives, China; The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders (UNESCO)
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, the sciences, culture and communication. UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. Serving as a laboratory of ideas, UNESCO helps countries adopt international standards and manages programmes that foster the free flow of ideas and knowledge sharing. In this spirit, it develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of hate and intolerance. UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality education. By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, it strengthens bonds among nations. UNESCO fosters scientific programmes and policies that support development and cooperation. UNESCO stands up for freedom of expression, as a fundamental right and a key condition for democracy and development.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

China: The Pessoptimist Nation - Callahan, William A. (Oxford University Press, 2012)
The rise of China presents a long-term challenge to the world not only economically, but politically and culturally. Callahan meets this challenge in China: The Pessoptimist Nation by using new Chinese sources and innovative analysis to see how Chinese people understand their new place in the world.To chart the trajectory of its rise, the book shifts from examining China's national interests to exploring its national aesthetic. Rather than answering the standard social science question "what is China?" with statistics of economic and military power, this book asks "when, where, and who is China?" to explore the soft power dynamics of China's identity politics.China: The Pessoptimist Nation shows how the heart of Chinese foreign policy is not a security dilemma, but an identity dilemma. Through careful analysis, Callahan charts how Chinese identity emerges through the interplay of positive and negative feelings in a dynamic that intertwines China's domestic and international politics. China thus is the pessoptimist nation where national security is closely linked to nationalist insecurities.Callahan concludes that this interactive view of China's pessoptimist identity means that we need to rethink the role of the state and public opinion in Beijing's foreign policy-making.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

国会会議録検索システム - kokkai.ndl.go.jp (kokkai.ndl.go.jp)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Encoded Archival Description (EAD) - Society of American Archivists (Society of American Archivists, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ISDF International Standard for Describing Functions - Committee on Best Practices and Standards (International Council on Archives, 2007)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ISAD(G): General international standard archival description; adopted by the Committee on Descriptive Standards, Stockholm, Sweden, 19-22 Sept. 1999 - International Council of Archives (ICA Standards, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Justice without Lawyers - Clark, Phil (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
This is a timely empirical study and review of the Gacaca Courts which were established in 2001 in Rwanda as an attempt to prosecute suspects involved in the 1994 genocide. Based on the author's original field work which began in 2003 in Rwanda and which has been updated to the end of 2009, it includes responses from within the Rwandan population. Dr. Clark argues that, despite widespread international scepticism, the Gacaca process has achieved remarkable results in terms of justice and reconciliation, although this has often come at a price, especially the re-traumatisation of many Rwandans who have participated firsthand in hearings. This book will appeal to a wide global readership crossing human rights, transitional justice and African studies for its combination of original empirical data with a socio-legal analysis.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

State Coordinated Violence in Chad under Hissène Habré - Silva, Romesh; Klingner, Jeff; Weikart, Scott (Human Rights Data Analysis Group, 2010)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La Plaine des Morts - Le Tchad de Hissène Habré, 1982-1990 - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2013)
Cet ouvrage de 714 pages, intitulé La Plaine des Morts, se base sur treize années de recherches pour démontrer que Habré était personnellement impliqué dans les abus perpétrés lorsqu’il était au pouvoir de 1982 à 1990, essentiellement par le biais du contrôle étroit qu’il exerçait sur sa redoutée police politique, la Direction de la Documentation et de la Sécurité (DDS).
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Les crimes et détournements de l'ex-président Habré et de ses complices: Rapport de la Commission d'enquête nationale, Ministère tchadien de la justice - Chad Ministère de la Justice (L'Harmattan, 1993)
Les crimes et détournements de l'ex-président Habré et de ses complices (rapport).
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Œuvres complètes - Camus, Albert (La Pléiade, 2008)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Chronique d'une enquête criminelle nationale: Le cas du régime de Hissein Habré, 1982-1990 - Abakar, Mahamat Hassan (Editions L'Harmattan, 2007)
Le 29 décembre 1990, très peu de temps après la prise du pouvoir par Idriss Déby, est créée une commission d'enquête chargée de faire la lumière sur les crimes et détournements commis par Hissein Habré et son gouvernement. L'auteur a été président de cette commission. Le rapport final est remis en 1992 et fait état de 40000 victimes, plus de 80000 orphelins, plus de 30000 veuves... Aucune des quatorze recommandations concluant ce rapport n'a été mise à exécution et la plupart des bourreaux d'hier ont été réhabilités et sévissent dans les services sécuritaires du nouveau gouvernement...
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Supported by France, Convicted by Africa France-Chad Relations during the Hissène Habré’s Rule (1982-1990) - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2016)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Allié de la France, condamné par l’Afrique - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2016)
Le rapport décrit comment la France a apporté une aide cruciale à Hissène Habré dans sa prise de pouvoir au Tchad, alors même qu’il était déjà évident qu’il utilisait des méthodes d'une extrême brutalité.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

US, France Backed Convicted Chad Dictator - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2016)
The United States and France were well aware of Hissène Habré’s brutal record, and yet continued to support him throughout his rule. Both countries should examine how and why they supported a man convicted of crimes against humanity.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) - International Court of Justice (icj-cij.org, 2012)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

UNESCO Women in Africa History - Unesco (Unesco, 2019)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

TALKING ABOUT ROSE, PRISONER OF HISSÈNE HABRÉ. English subtitles - Miss Wasabi Films (2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Trial of Hissène Habré - A Senegalese Merchant Testifies - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Enabling a Dictator: the United States and Chad's Hissène Habré 1982-1990 - Human Rights Watch (Organization) (Human Rights Watch, 2016)
"The report, 'Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad's Hissène Habré 1982-1990s,' describes how France, and especially the United States, were pivotal in bringing Habré to power, although signs of his brutality were already evident. The two countries saw Habré as a bulwark against the expansionist designs of Libyas Muammar Gaddafi, whose forces were occupying northern Chad. Human Rights Watch details how both the United States and France continued to provide Habrés government with critical support, even as it committed widespread and systematic human rights violations"--Publisher's description
Keywords: 1900-1999; 20th century; Atrocities; Chad; Crimes against humanity; Genocide; Habré, Hissein; Human rights; Politics and government; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social conditions; War criminals

Benetech and Human Rights - Benetech (Benetech | Software for Social Good)
Over the years, Benetech has provided human rights organizations with purpose built software, as well as technology training and research. Explore some of our past projects:  JusticeAI – Ethical Artificial Intelligence for Human Rights Defenders Smartphones and other digital technology has enabled more and more people to bear witness to their own history, testifying digitally against the perpetrators of […]
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Patrick Ball, PhD - Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG - Human Rights Data Analysis Group)
Patrick Ball has spent thirty years doing quantitative analysis for truth commissions, non-governmental organizations, international criminal tribunals, and United Nations missions. His work has been conducted in El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa, Chad, Sri Lanka, East Timor, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Kosovo, Liberia, Perú, ...
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Chasseur de dictateurs - Vidéo Dailymotion - Hazan, Pierre (2007)
De 1982 à 1990, Hissène Habré a fait peser une dictature sanglante sur le Tchad. Renversé en 1990, il s'est réfugié au Sénégal. Reed Brody, l'un des dirigeants de l'association Human Rights Watch, le traque avec le droit comme arme. En voir plus sur : http://www.vodeo.tv/5-31-2044-chasseur-de-dictateurs.html?PARTID=9084
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Hissène Habré : le jour où nous sommes tombés sur les documents de la terreur - Le Monde (Le Monde.fr, 2015)
Le procès de l’ex-dictateur tchadien s’ouvre ce lundi au Sénégal. Le spécialiste Pierre Hazan raconte comment il a pénétré, avec un représentant de Human Rights Watch, dans le QG de l’ex-police politique et découvert un trésor de documents
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Jugement de la Chambre Africaine Extraordinaire d’Assises - Chambre Africaine Extraordinaire D'assises (2016)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Senegal: Obama Backs Hissène Habré Court - Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch, 2013)
President Barack Obama’s endorsement of Senegal’sefforts to bring to book the former Chadiandictator Hissène Habré is a recognition of the case’s importance for African justice.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

When Tyrants Tremble: The Pinochet Report - Human Rights Watch (1999)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La vulnérabilité du monde: Démocraties et violences à l’heure de la globalisation - Ruiz, Leopoldo Múnera; Nanteuil, Matthieu de (Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2021)
La chute du mur de Berlin ne comportait-elle pas la promesse d’une paix durable ? Ce livre analyse la perpétuation de violences de toutes sortes dans un monde dont le totalitarisme ne constitue plus la référence centrale. À l’heure de la globalisation, il montre que ces violences relèvent de dynamiques hétérogènes : conflits armés, mais aussi arbitraire étatique, brutalités du capitalisme, exclusions physiques ou symboliques. Parallèlement, il souligne combien les sociétés résistent à de telles violences, en faisant usage du droit, des politiques publiques, des leviers socio-économiques, des pratiques artistiques. Scandant les différentes parties du livre, trois études manifestent, photos à l’appui, la fonction éthique et politique de l’art. En contrepoint de la barbarie, l’aspiration à la beauté déstabilise la rhétorique de l’oubli, favorise le travail critique et le retour sur soi. Toute la force du livre tient dans le dévoilement de ces poussées contradictoires. Quelle en sera l’issue ? Nul ne le sait. Alors que les interdépendances techniques et économiques n’ont jamais été aussi fortes, notre monde est traversé par des divisions profondes. Le sens commun est en crise. Le projet démocratique y survivra-t-il ? Fruit d’une collaboration pluriannuelle entre l’Université catholique de Louvain et l’Université nationale de Colombie, ce livre réunit les contributions de nombreux spécialistes à travers le monde, issus de disciplines variées (philosophie, droit, sciences politiques, histoire, sociologie, psychologie). Parti d’un intérêt croisé pour un pays - la Colombie - où la violence apparaît comme une caractéristique structurelle, mais qui dispose de l’une des constitutions démocratiques les plus avancées de la région, il étend son champ de préoccupations à l’Amérique latine (Mexique, Pérou, Chili), à l’Afrique (Tunisie, Rwanda), à l’Asie du Sud-Est et à l’Europe.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Politiques du pardon - Lefranc, Sandrine (Presses Universitaires France, 2002)
Dans de nombreuses démocraties ayant récemment succédé à des régimes autoritaires, bourreaux et victimes continuent de coexister. La haine est toujours présente malgré la mise en place de processus de "réconciliation" par les gouvernements actuels en Amérique du Sud comme en Afrique du Sud. Des réparations et l'établissement de la vérité sur les crimes commis devaient pallier l'absence de poursuites judiciaires, des lois d'amnistie devaient également représenter une première étape vers le pardon et la réconciliation. Faut-il pardonner aux agents d'un régime autoritaire qui ont torturé et fait disparaître des opposants par milliers ? Un pardon politique est-il possible ?Collection : La collection « Fondements de la politique », dirigée par Yves-Charles Zarka, Directeur de recherche au CNRS, accueille, dune part, des éditions de textes importants où les concepts fondamentaux de la politique peuvent être ressaisis dans leurs moments doctrinaux de formation, dinfléchissement ou de crise, dautre part, des travaux de recherche sur les auteurs ou les uvres de philosophie politique, enfin, des essais visant à renouveler la pensée politique contemporaine.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Final Comprehensive Report - Truth & Dignity Commission (The Final Comprehensive Report, 2019)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tunisia Truth Commission report (Part II): Justice and prisons, tools of oppression - Belhassine, Olfa (JusticeInfo.net, 2019)
Among the mechanisms on which the Bourguiba and Ben Ali regimes relied was the justice system which became a tool of government, and prisons, where all manner of violence and abuse took place. In its section on the mechanisms of systemic crimes, the report of the Truth and Dignity Commission (IVD) dissects these two tools […]
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Grandeurs et misère de la Révolution tunisienne - Bedoui, Abdelmajid (Harmattan, 2014)
Ce livre analyse la dynamique qui s'est emparée de la Tunisie lors de la révolution des "Jasmins". Un vent de liberté souffle sur le pays. Mais l'extrémisme religieux et la violence perturbent cet élan vers la démocratie. L'histoire multimillénaire du pays, son esprit laïc et le statut de la femme tunisienne expliquent que ce pays n'ait pas sombré dans le chaos comme l'Egypte ou la Libye. En citant Mandela, Sade et d'autres acteurs de la révolution française, il fait un parallèle avec les acteurs de la révolution tunisienne pour permettre une meilleure compréhension des faits et donner des perspectives sur l'avenir du pays.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

L'archive sensible: mémoires, intimité et domination : Afrique, Amérique latine, Péninsule ibérique - Basto, Maria-Benedita; Marcilhacy, David (Editions Hispaniques, 2017)
Cet ouvrage s’interroge sur les relations entre mémoire, intimité et historiographie dans le contexte particulier des expériences de domination – colonialisme et dictatures – qui ont affecté les espaces (ex)impériaux des mondes ibériques contemporains. En s’appuyant sur différents cas d’étude (Afrique, Amérique latine, Péninsule ibérique), les chapitres qui composent ce volume explorent le double mouvement de domination et de subversion au prisme de ce que nous appelons l’archive sensible. Ce concept permet d’envisager des archives relevant de mémoires intimes, familiales, domestiques, individuelles ou collectives, et qui en ce sens, se confrontent avec des vécus émotionnels comme sources de savoir. En croisant questions théoriques et résultats de travaux de terrain, le volume contribue ainsi à penser l’apport et le rapport de ces sources à l’historiographie, tout en proposant une réflexion sur le concept même d’archive, qui l’ouvre à de nouveaux usages. (4e de couv.)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

JUSTICE TRANSITIONNELLE DE L'AFRIQUE DU SUD AU RWANDA - Andrieu, Kora (Gallimard, 2012)
Justice transitionnelle ? Connais pas. Pourtant c'est désormais, dans les relations internationales, une "recette" devenue comme une norme qui s'appliquerait à tout pays sortant d'une dictature ou d'une guerre et aspirant à une vie politique et civique pacifiée. Les pays concernés sont aujourd'hui légion : Afrique du Sud, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Ouganda, Libye, Côte d'Ivoire, Égypte, Tunisie, Guinée, Maroc, sans oublier nombre de pays latino-américains et européens - ceux autrefois dominés à l'Est par les régimes communistes, ou l'Espagne hantée par les fosses communes du régime franquiste. Dans tous les cas, il a été question de "commissions Vérité et Réconciliation", de guérison des atrocités du passé par l'expression publique des victimes et d'éventuelles réparations financières ou symboliques, voire de la "fonction sociale" des procès de dictateurs et de tortionnaires. Or la culture démocratique ne se forge pas d'emblée dans ces normes cathartiques et la démocratie politique ne peut surgir de situations d'inégalités sociales et économiques iniques (l'Afrique du Sud et le Maroc le prouvent à l'envi). La justice transitionnelle n'a de chance de devenir réalité que si, au-delà de l'expression publique, trop souvent contrôlée, des victimes, celles-ci se transforment en authentiques acteurs de la démocratie grâce à la satisfaction de normes et d'attentes que sont la reconnaissance, la dignité, la tolérance, la confiance et l'autonomie. Voici la philosophie politique mise au défi de la réalité la plus crue, partout, maintenant.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tunisie - Une démocratisation au-dessus de tout soupçon ? - Geisser, Vincent; Allal, Amin (CNRS Editions, 2018)
Tunisie - Une démocratisation au-dessus de tout soupçon ? (EAN13 : 9782271118073) édité par CNRS Editions - Premières élections pluralistes, nouvelle constitution, multiplication des partis et des associations, montée des revendications des minorités sexuelles, régionales et religieuses, recomposition du personnel politico-administratif, explosion des conflits autour de la question sociale…
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tutu and his role in the Truth & Reconciliation Commission | South African History Online - South African History Online: Towards a People’s History (sahistory.org.za)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution - Tutu, Desmond (Image, 1996)
The Rainbow People Of God traces South Africa's glorious victory over apartheid in the writings and speeches of one its central figures, Archbishop Desmond Tutu. From the graveside of Steven Biko to the triumphant inauguration of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa, Tutu's words and presence helped shape events and led South Africa toward justice and freedom. This astonishing tapestry of narrative is not only a valuable historical document of those significant events, but it also showcases the unique sense of spirit of one of the foremost spiritual leaders in the world. Tested through the greatest adversity, these writings will endure for generations to come by their truly powerful combination of compassion and strength.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Ahmed Timol: the quest for justice for people murdered in apartheid's jails - Thomas, Kylie (The Conversation, 2019)
In South Africa’s criminal justice system post-1994, the Timol case is the first to enact what can be properly understood as restorative justice.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Overview: South African Human Rights Commission: PAIA 2011/12 annual report - Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 2012)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Accounting and reconciling in the balance sheet of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission - Rousseau, Nicky; Fullard, Madeleine (Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2009)
A body of critical academic literature has characterized the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a nation-building enterprise with reconciliation as its core. Although this literature is especially influential within South African scholarship, the association of the TRC with reconciliation has become a far wider orthodoxy. An engagement with the full range of the TRC's hearings, its institutional practice and its seven-volume report demonstrates a more contested perspective, involving a wider range of actors, and contending directions, most notably a drive to establish accountability for human rights’ abuse.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission; accountability and human rights' abuse; nation-building; reconciliation; transitional justice; truth commissions

Public Access to Information for Development: A Guide to the Effective Implementation of Right to Information Laws - Lemieux, Victoria L.; Trapnell, Stephanie E. (The World Bank, 2016)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict - Bien, William J.; Bouckaert, Peter; Hanson, Alan; Khachikian, Arthur; King, Kevin; Laudy, Mark; Levy, Tali; Messing, Barbara; Stettenheim, Joel; Tang, Rock; Weinthal, Erika (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999)
The international community can creatively and aggressively address deadly conflict through mediation, arbitration, and the development of international institutions to promote reconciliation. The editors of this book designed a systematic framework with which contributors compare third party intervention in twelve conflicts of the postDCold War period. They examine the role of international organizations_the United Nations, international development banks, and international law institutions_and they analyze the tools and forms of leverage in successful and unsuccessful mediations. Based on the case studies, the editors identify the most effective institutions, make recommendations for improving interventions, and elucidate several important insights into the mediation process and the role of the international community in dispute resolution.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Overcoming the apartheid legacy: the special case of the Freedom Charter - Dominy, Graham (Archival Science, 2013)
This paper outlines the construction of the ‘‘ofﬁcial’’ archives of the South African apartheid state and the distorted view they contain concerning social and political realities. Therefore, the colonial and apartheid legacies are examined in a broader context as an oppressive social and political system, as well as in the more speciﬁc context of how their legacy is reﬂected in the ofﬁcial archives. The development and popular endorsement of the Freedom Charter of 1955 was a seminal moment of challenge to the increasing oppression of the apartheid state. In later decades, the Freedom Charter became an iconic reference point in the antiapartheid struggle and the inspiration for the construction of a constitutional democracy in the 1990s. The process of its creation stands in stark contrast to the processes of creation of ofﬁcial records and archives. The paper also examines the survival of the Freedom Charter and the struggle to save it from auction in London and secure its safe passage to the National Archives of South Africa. Finally, questions of meaning and ideological signiﬁcance are asked in relation to the role of a National Archives in the current dominant historical narrative.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996] - STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, 1996)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Why the past matters : studying public administration in South Africa - Chipkin, I.; Meny-Gibert, S. (Journal of Public Administration, 2012)
The state of the public sector in South Africa is heavily influenced by particular histories of state administration related to the legacy of apartheid and the nature of the political transition to democracy. We suggest, however, that there is a paucity of scholarly work in the discipline of Public Administration which takes into account this legacy and the manner in which the public sector is embedded in broader social, political and economic relations. This has had significant consequences for the particular models of public administration adopted. In making our case for the importance of applying a historical lens to the study of the public sector, we draw on research on the incorporation of the former Bantustans into provincial government administration in South Africa.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Paper Wars: Access to Information in South Africa - Allan, Kate (Wits University Press, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

State of the Archives: An Analysis of South Africa’s National Archival System, 2014 - The Archival Platform (The Archival Platform, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The odd couple: why an apartheid activist joined forces with a murderer - Leun, Justine van der (The Guardian, 2015)
Madeleine Fullard leads a team of investigators searching South Africa for the remains of murdered activists. Eugene de Kock led the police squad that killed dozens of them. Could the two of them work together to solve the mystery of apartheid’s disappeared?
Keywords: ANC (African National Congress); Politics; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; South Africa

How South Africa can do better at reversing apartheid's legacies - Oosthuizen, Marius (The Conversation, 2019)
In matters of policy-making and governing, understanding the systemic complexity of interrelated forces is crucial to avoiding failure.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report - Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Netherlands Found Partially Liable for Srebrenica Deaths - BIRN (Balkan Insight, 2017)
A Dutch appeals court found the Netherlands partially liable for the deaths of around 300 Bosniaks from Srebrenica who were killed after being expelled from a Dutch UN peacekeepers’ base in 1995.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Agreement between the United States of America and France, Claims and Dispute Resolution, TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTS SERIES 15-1101 - Department of State - United States of America (Department of State - United States of America, 2014)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Accountability, Transparency and Access to Information - Claude, Roberto (International Council on Archives)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada - Government of Canada (canada.ca, 2021)
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) supports Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Inuit and Métis) and Northerners in their efforts to improve social well-being and economic prosperity; develop healthier, more sustainable communities and participate more fully in Canada's political, social and economic development – to the benefit of all Canadians.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape - Callimachi, Rukmini (The New York Times, 2015)
Claiming the Quran’s support, the Islamic State codifies sex slavery in conquered regions of Iraq and Syria and uses the practice as a recruiting tool.
Keywords: Human Rights Watch; Human Rights and Human Rights Violations; Human Trafficking; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS); Mosul (Iraq); References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Series; Sex Crimes; Sinjar (Iraq); Syria; Tal Afar (Iraq); Terrorism; Women and Girls; Yazidi (Religious Sect)

ICRC collects DNA to identify Lebanon's civil war dead - AFP (Yahoo!News, 2016)
The International Committee of the Red Cross has started collecting DNA samples to help identify thousands of people who disappeared during Lebanon's 1975-1990 civil war, the ICRC said Friday. The ICRC called on the Lebanese authorities to create a "national mechanism" to help match victims' bodies with their families. "It is more than 40 years since the events took place and we are still asking ourselves how we are going to give answers to the families," said Fabrizzio Carboni, the ICRC's chief in Lebanon.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Chile: ICRC stores DNA in search for missing persons - ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross, 2015)
Alicia and Lorena are looking for answers. Some of their family went missing in Chile between 1973 and 1990 under the military regime. They are just two of the many people still struggling to find out what happened to relatives. As they search for truth and justice, they've given blood samples to help trace their missing relatives. The inclusion of DNA analyses in forensic practice means that their blood samples might help to find out what has happened to some of the disappeared.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Where is my name? Afghan women fight for their own identity - Joya, Bahaar (Reuters, 2017)
In Afghanistan's patriarchal society, a woman's name should not be revealed, even on her grave.
Keywords: AFGHANISTAN; Afghanistan; Asia; Belief; Civil Liberties; Civil Rights; Fundamental Rights; Human Rights; Internet; NAME; Pacific; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Religion; Science; Social Media; Technology; US; WOMEN; Women's Issues; World Wide Web

Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling Up Investment Plan 2015-2024 - The World Bank (World Bank)
Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling Up Investment Plan 2015-2024
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Trust Fund Unveils Reparations Plan for Katanga Victims - Wakabi, Wairagala (International Justice Monitor, 2017)
The International Criminal Court's (ICC's) Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) has published a plan for implementing reparation awards to 297 victims of crimes committed by former Congolese militia leader German Katanga. According to an order by ICC judges, each victim will receive an individual symbolic c
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Compact of Free Association Act of 1985 - Office of Insular Affairs (doi.gov, 2015)
U.S. PUBLIC LAW 99-239 - JAN. 14, 1986[courtesy of RMI Government]U.S. Public Law 99-23999th CongressJoint ResolutionTo approve the "Compact of Free Association", and for other purposes.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Appendix A to Part 74 - Declarations of Eligibility by Persons Identified by the Office of Redress Administration and Requests for Documentation - Code of Federal Regulations (govinfo.gov, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Public Law 100–383 - 100th Congress (1988)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Truth-Justice-Reparations Interaction Effects in Transitional Justice Practice: The Case of the ‘Valech Commission’ in Chile - Collins, Cath (Journal of Latin American Studies, 2016)
Recent thinking and practice in transitional justice suggest that victims and societies hold indivisible, perhaps even simultaneous, rights to truth, justice and reparations after gross human rights violations. This article analyses the advantages and drawbacks of such holistic approaches to transitional justice, through a case study of Chile’s second oﬃcial truth commission, the ‘Valech Commission’. The article illustrates the politics of ongoing contestation about authoritarian era crimes in Latin America, showing how and why the commission was designed to deliver on certain truth-and-reparations obligations towards survivors of past state repression, while attempting to explicitly decouple truth revelations from judicial consequences. It also discusses the implications of associating truth-telling and reparations in a single instance, and in doing so contributes to debates about the potentially contradictory or counterproductive outcomes that may arise from the yoking together of truth, justice and reparations functions in transitional justice policy design.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Comissão de Anistia (Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania)
A Comissão de Anistia, criada pela Lei nº 10.559/2002, é órgão de assessoramento direto e imediato do Ministro de Estado da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos, tendo por finalidade específica analisar os requerimentos de anistia que tenham comprovação inequívoca dos fatos relativos à perseguição sofrida, de caráter exclusivamente política, bem como emitir parecer opinativo sobre os requerimentos de anistia, no sentido de assessorar o Ministro de Estado em suas decisões. Os requerimentos são analisados observando ordem cronológica de protocolo, aplicando-se requisitos específicos de prioridade como idade, doença, desemprego e renda inferior a cinco salários mínimos.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume III: Laws, Rulings, and Reports - Kritz, Neil J. (United States Institute of Peace, 1995)
Includes over 100 laws, regulations and decrees, constitutional provisions, judicial decisions, reports of official, commissions of inquiry, and treaty excerpts from 28 countries and from international organizations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Inicio - corteidh.or.cr (Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Inicio)
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Inicio
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

American Convention on Human Rights - Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights (CIDH.OAS.org, 1969)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

General Comment No. 31 [80] The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant Adopted on 29 March 2004 (2187th meeting) - United Nations Human Rights Committee (United Nations, 2004)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political): Revised final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119 - Joinet, Louis (UN,, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Boven, Theodoor C. van (UN,, 1990)
Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : preliminary report / submitted by Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power - General Assembly resolution 40/34 (OHCHR, 1985)
A. Victims of crime 1. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

United Nations Congresses on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. 60 years of achievement - United Nations (United Nations, 2015)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 (A/RES/194 20(III)) - United Nations (United Nations, 1948)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Jewish Claims against East Germany: Moral Obligations and Pragmatic Policy - Timm, Angelika (Central European University Press, 1997)
This is the first comprehensive history of Jewish negotiations with East Germany regarding restitution and reparations for Nazi war crimes. Angelika Timm analyzes the politics of old and new anti-Semitism and the context in which they grew under the officially propagated ideology of antifascism. Investigating the mass of unpublished, newly available archival data from the United States, Israel, and the former German Democratic Republic, and more than forty personal interviews, Timm fills a critical gap in the scholarship on postwar Germany. She analyzes the role of the Holocaust and the image of Jews in the historical consciousness and political culture of East Germany and chronicles the efforts of Jewish organizations, especially the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, to negotiate reparations with the East German state. The unique relationship between ideology and Realpolitik defined the manner in which East Germany confronted the crimes of its past and allowed anti-Semitism to reemerge.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Paying for the Past: The Struggle over Reparations for Surviving Victims of the Nazi Terror by Christian Pross - Pross, Christian (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1824)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

German Reparations to the Jews after World War II: A Turning Point in the History of Reparations - Colonomos, Ariel; Armstrong, Andrea (The Handbook of Reparations, 2006)
The post-world war II German-Israeli reparations program is the largest, most comprehensive reparations program ever implemented. Traditionally, reparations were supported by the vanquished and were designed to compensate the victor for the damages caused during the war. The Wiedergutmachung (literally “making the good again”) program as it is called in Germany, or Shilumim (the payments) as Israelis usually prefer to refer to it, innovates in many areas and goes beyond this interstate framework. Jewish leaders participated in the Luxembourg negotiations that led to the signature of the 1952 treaty, and community networks played a crucial role in the distribution of the money to the victims. Civil society groups played an instrumental role in the United States as plans for reparations were being discussed during the war. Neither the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) nor Israel existed during the war. Reparations have been paid to the state of Israel and were paid to Jewish Holocaust survivors regardless of their nationality. The FRG benefited politically and economically from this treaty. It was able to enter the international arena and establish diplomatic relations with Israel, whose economy greatly benefited from the money it received.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Volume II - Office of the Historian (history.state.gov, 1945)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Factory at Chorzów (Merits), Judgment, 13 Sept 1928 - PCIJ Series A. No 17 (1927)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907. - ICRC (ihl-databases.icrc.org, 1910)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice - Brooks, Roy L. (NYU Press, 1999)
Leading scholars, activists, and political leaders on being victim's of the world's worst atrocities"How much compensation ought to be paid to a woman who was raped 7,500 times? What would the members of the Commission want for their daughters if their daughters had been raped even once?"?Karen Parker, speaking before the U.N. Commission on Human RightsSeemingly every week, a new question arises relative to the current worldwide ferment over human injustices. Why does the U.S. offer $20,000 atonement money to Japanese Americans relocated to concentration camps during World War II, while not even apologizing to African Americans for 250 years of human bondage and another century of institutionalized discrimination? How can the U.S. and Canada best grapple with the genocidal campaigns against Native Americans on which their countries were founded? How should Japan make amends to Korean "comfort women" sexually enslaved during World War II? Why does South Africa deem it necessary to grant amnesty to whites who tortured and murdered blacks under apartheid? Is Germany's highly praised redress program, which has paid billions of dollars to Jews worldwide, a success, and, as such, an example for others?More generally, is compensation for a historical wrong dangerous "blood money" that allows a nation to wash its hands forever of its responsibility to those it has injured? A rich collection of essays from leading scholars, pundits, activists, and political leaders the world over, many written expressly for this volume, When Sorry Isn't Enough also includes the voices of the victims of some of the world's worst atrocities, thereby providing a panoramic perspective on an international controversy often marked more by heat than reason.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Caribbean Nations to Seek Reparations, Putting Price on Damage of Slavery - Castle, Stephen (The New York Times, 2013)
Fourteen countries plan to compile an inventory of the harm caused by the slave trade and then demand an apology and reparations from the former colonial powers Britain, France and the Netherlands.
Keywords: Antigua and Barbuda; Caribbean Area; Castle, Stephen; France; Great Britain; Haiti; Netherlands; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Reparations; Slavery

Guam World War II War Claims: A Legislative History - Guampedia.com (2019)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

UK to compensate Kenya's Mau Mau torture victims - Press Association (The Guardian, 2013)
William Hague says payments totalling £19.9m represent 'full and final settlement' of action brought by five victims of torture
Keywords: Africa; Foreign policy; Kenya; Law; Mau Mau; Politics; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Torture; UK news; William Hague; World news

History - The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany (Claims Conference, 2011)
A history of the Claims Conference since its founding in 1951 and the formation of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La "cultura de la memoria": problemas y reflexiones - Waldman, Gilda M. (Política y cultura, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms - Boven, Theodoor C. van (UN,, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies : - United Nations (UN,, 2004)
DAA Highlights key issues and lessons learned from the Organization's experiences in the promotion of justice and the rule of law in conflict and post-conflict societies. Provides details on i) strengthening the rule of law and transitional justice in the wake of conflict; ii) articulating a common language of justice for UN; iii) basing assistance on international norms and standards; iv) identifying the role of UN peace operations; v) assessing national needs and capacities; vi) supporting domestic reform constituencies; vii) recognizing the political context; viii) embracing integrated and complementary approaches; ix) filling a rule of law vacuum; x) developing national justice systems; xi) learning lessons from the ad hoc criminal tribunals; xii) supporting the role of the International Criminal Court; xiii) facilitating truth telling; xiv) vetting the public service; xv) delivering reparations; xvi) coordinating our efforts; and xvii) building our roster of experts. Also includes recommendations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Rule-of-law tools for post-conflict states: archives (United Nations, 2015)
Keywords: Archival resources; Archives; Crimes against humanity; Law and legislation; Postwar reconstruction; Public records; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Rule of law; Transitional justice

Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Prosecution Initiatives - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Políticas públicas de reparación en España. La ley 52/2007 sobre memoria histórica en relación a la identificación y localización de las víctimas desaparecidas durante la Guerra Civil y la dictadura - Turrión García, María José (Alcores: revista de historia contemporánea, 2013)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946 - International Military Tribunal Nuremberg (International Military Tribunal Nuremberg, 1947)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archiving Challenges in Africa: The Case of Post-Conflict Liberia - Proscovia, Svärz (IASA Journal: International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives, records, and power: The making of modern memory - Schwartz, Joan M.; Cook, Terry (Archival Science, 2002)
This article serves as the general introduction by the guest editors to the first of two thematic issues of Archival Science that will explore the theme, "archives, records, and power." Archives as institutions and records as documents are generally seen by academic and other users, and by society generally, as passive resources to be .exploited for various historical and cultural purposes. Historians since the mid-nineteenth century, in pursuing the new scientific history, needed an archive that was a neutral repositories of facts. Until very recently, archivists obliged by extolling their own professional myth of impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity. Yet archives are established by the powerful to protect or enhance their position in society. Through archives, the past is controlled. Certain stories are privileged and others marginalized. And archivists are an integral part of this story-telling. In the design of record-keeping systems, in the appraisal and selection of a tiny fragment of all possible records to enter the archive, in approaches to subsequent and ever-changing description and preservation of the archive, and in its patterns of communication and use, archivists continually reshape, reinterpret, and reinvent the archive. This represents enormous power over memory and identity, over the fundamental ways in which society seeks evidence of what its core values are and have been, where it has come from, and where it is going. Archives, then, are not passive storehouses of old stuff', but active sites where social power is negotiated, contested, confirmed. The power of archives, records, and archivists should no longer remain naturalized or denied, but opened to vital debate and transparent accountability.
Keywords: Archival theory; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; archives and power relationships; identity formation; representation and reality; social memory

Transitional justice: how emerging democracies reckon with former regimes - Kritz, Neil J. (United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995)
Keywords: Crimes against humanity; Criminal justice, Administration of; Political crimes and offenses; Political persecution; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

50 Jahre Zentrale Stelle in Ludwigsburg. Ein Erfahrungsbericht über die letzten zweieinhalb Jahrzehnte - Schrimm, Kurt; Riedel, Joachim (Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2008)
Vorspann Die Zentrale Stelle in Ludwigsburg ist das Herzstück der justiziellen Ahndung von NSVerbrechen. 1958 gegründet, spielte die einzigartige Institution bei der Einleitung fast aller großen Prozesse eine wichtige Rolle. Der jetzige Leiter und sein Stellvertreter ziehen hier Bilanz und blicken dabei vor allem auf die letzten 25 Jahre zurück, in denen die Zentrale Stelle dazu überging, umfassende eigenständige Ermittlungen im In- und Ausland durchzuführen – und dabei immer wieder beachtliche Erfolge verbuchen konnte.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory - Sanford, George (Routledge, 2005)
The Soviet massacre of Polish prisoners of war at Katyn and in other camps in 1940 was one of the most notorious incidents of the Second World War. The truth about the massacres was long suppressed, both by the Soviet Union, and also by the United States and Britain who wished to hold together their wartime alliance with the Soviet Union. This informative book examines the details of this often overlooked event, shedding light on what took place especially in relation to the massacres at l
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2005 - Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law - United Nations (United Nations, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Report of the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises - Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework - Ruggie, John (United Nations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Derecho a la Verdad y Derecho Internacional en relación con graves violaciones de los Derechos Humanos - Rodríguez, Jorge (Berg Institute, 2017)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

From Polders to Postmodernism: A Concise History of Archival Theory - Ridener, John; Cook, Terry (Litwin Books, 2009)
From Polders to Postmodernism is a broad ranging history of the conception and development of the theories that have guided archivists in their work from the late 19th through the early 21st centuries. Narrated through the controversial thread of archival appraisal theory, the book examines how archivists have engaged with theory through the tension between keeping records that reflect objective history "as it happened" and subjective decision making in the archive. Through an interpretive reading of archival theory, distinct periods emerge, with each paradigm contributing unique responses to difficult archival, historical, and theoretical contexts.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Los dominicanos hijos de haitianos, en el limbo entre dos sentencias - Primera, Maye (El País, 2013)
La sentencia que niega la nacionalidad a los descendientes de 'sin papeles' obvia un fallo de 2005 de la Corte Interamericana
Keywords: América; Caribe; Demografía; Derechos humanos; Inmigración; Inmigrantes; Latinoamérica; Migración; Política migración; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Regularización inmigrantes; República Dominicana; Sociedad

Medio millón de apátridas por una sentencia del Supremo dominicano - Primera, Maye (El País, 2013)
La Comunidad del Caribe ha criticado el fallo y amenaza con no incorporar a República Dominicana como miembro pleno del grupo
Keywords: América; Caribe; Demografía; Haití; Inmigración irregular; Latinoamérica; Migración; Política migración; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; República Dominicana; Sociedad

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Housing and property restitution in the context of the return of refugees and internally displaced persons - Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (United Nations, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

El valor probatorio del documento de archivo en los procesos judiciales - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (Tabula: revista de archivos de Castilla y León, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Les archives de la défense des droits humains en Amérique latine : Chili, Argentine, Pérou - Pérotin Dumon, Anne (Gazette des archives, 2007)
Cet article explique l’émergence, les caractères et la valeur d’un ensemble documentaire propre au XXe siècle, tel qu’il se constitue en Amérique latine lorsque des organismes de défense des droits de l’Homme surgissent de la société civile pour défendre les victimes et dénoncer, au plan du droit, les graves infractions qui sont commises, dans les pays en proie à la violence politique. Son propos est centré sur trois pays où ce mouvement s’est particulièrement illustré. Il rappelle d’abord dans quelles circonstances associations de victimes, mouvements militant pour la cause des droits humains et organisations non gouvernementales apparaissent. Sont ensuite examinées leurs formes d’organisation et d’action, et les deux grandes catégories de documents qu’ils produisent – d’investigation et de communication – découlant de leurs deux fonctions – défendre et dénoncer. Enfin comment, avec la transition démocratique, leurs documents acquièrent un statut d’archives proprement dit et sont utilisés comme preuves avant de susciter, depuis peu, un intérêt comme patrimoine.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Mechanisms complementing prosecution - Olson, Laura (Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge/International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The advance of universal justice - Ollé Sesé, Manuel (International Federation for Human Rights, 2009)
The road map for limiting the practice of universal justice in Spain is a sad reality. The Spanish Congress has just approved a proposal to reduce universal justice to cases where the people presumed responsible are on Spanish soil or there are Spanish victims, and either way, only when an international court or the country where the crime was committed are not
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

L'identification Des Citoyens: Naissance De L'état Civil Républicain - Noiriel, Gérard (Genèses, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Touchstones: Considering the Relationship between Memory and Archives - Millar, Laura (Archivaria, 2006)
This paper considers the relationship between memory and archives by exploring the concepts of individual and collective memory and by examining the processes involved with creating, capturing, storing, and retrieving memories. The author considers the metaphor of archives as memory and relates our perception of memory to our understanding of the creation, preservation, and use of records and archives. She demonstrates that individual and collective memory represent only a fragment of life events and she reflects on the emotional, temporal, and political realities that affect what we remember and how. She concludes that records and archives are not in themselves “memories” but only touchstones upon which memories may be retrieved, preserved, and articulated. RÉSUMÉCe texte examine le lien entre la mémoire et les archives en explorant les concepts de la mémoire individuelle et collective et en analysant les processus associés à la création, la saisie, la sauvegarde et le repérage des souvenirs. L’auteure sonde la métaphore des archives comme mémoire, puis elle lie notre perception de la mémoire à une connaissance de la création, de la préservation et de l’usage des documents et des archives. Elle montre que la mémoire individuelle et collective ne représente qu’un fragment des événements d’une vie donnée et elle considère les réalités émotives, temporelles et politiques qui influent sur ce dont on se souvient et comment l’on y parvient. Elle conclue que les documents et les archives ne sont pas d’euxmêmes des « souvenirs », mais qu’ils sont plutôt des balises sur lesquels l’on peut retrouver, préserver et articuler des souvenirs.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Légitimité et Légalité. Considérations (sur la Loi et la Justice) à l’image de deux grands procès politiques - Mateva, Milena (Université de Neuchâtel, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Teaching an Old Genre New Tricks: The Diary on the Internet - Mcneill, Laurie (Biography, 2003)
This article examines the diary's transformation from print culture practice to online phenomenon, considering the implications of this change for the diary as a literary genre and as life writing. This discussion explores the challenges the online diary represents to traditional concepts of the genre as private and monologic, investigating the ways in which online diarists attract readers, build communities, and create identities in cyberspace.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La Regie de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines aux Xviiie et Xixe Siecles : Etude Historique - Massaloux, Jean-Paul (Librairie Droz, 1989)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century - Leitenberg, Milton (Cornell University, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Arresting Nazi spies in Vichy France (1940–42) - Kitson, Simon (Intelligence and National Security, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tacit narratives: The meanings of archives - Ketelaar, Eric (Archival Science, 2001)
Archivists and historians usually consider archives as repositories of historical sources and the archivist as a neutral custodian. Sociologists and anthropologists see "the archive" also as a system of collecting, categorizing, and exploiting memories. Archivists are hesitantly acknowledging their role in shaping memories. I advocate that archival fonds, archival documents, archival institutions, and archival systems contain tacit narratives which must be deconstructed in order to understand the meanings of archives.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives of the People, by the People, for the People - Evans, Max (The American Archivist, 2007)
Archivists today are caught between an expanding volume of records and a growing public expectation that every page in every document is online and indexed. With so many records and so few resources to provide on-demand access to them, the problem seems intractable. More money alone is not the answer; larger appropriations or donations cannot solve this problem. Instead, archivists must fundamentally shift the way they think about their roles and develop alternative means and methods for doing archival work.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Access to archives - A handbook of guidelines for implementation of Recommendation No R(2000)13 on a European policy on access to archives - Kecskeméti, Charles; Székely, Iván (Council of Europe, 2005)
In the early 1990s, when Europe ceased to be divided in opposing political blocs, the Council of Europe concluded that access to archives was one of the key issues to be addressed in. order to fortify democracy throughout the continent. Intensive, in-depth preparation led to the drafting of Recommendation No. R (2000) 13 on a European Policy on Access to Archives, the first intergovernmental standard in this field.The recommendation is motivated by the ethical conviction that knowledge of the past constitutes a human right and that in a democracy citizens are entitled to access to an unbiased presentation of their history based on authentic sources preserved in archives.This handbook explains the principles that should govern access policy and practice in the 21st century, summarises the main findings of a pan-European survey on the situation regarding access to archives and formulates a set of guidelines for the implementation of the recommendation intended for civil servants and decision makers, archival authorities and archivists, the scholarly community and civil organizations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archiving justice: conceptualizing the archives of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia - Kaye, David (Archival Science, 2014)
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) will complete its proceedings over the coming years, leaving behind an enormous collection of records. The ICTY archive provides a record of conviction and acquittal, prosecution case and defense response – a vast series of contested facts and arguments. The ICTY winds down with a decidedly mixed reputation, especially among the communities of the Balkans, doing damage to the already-discredited idea of a Tribunal capable of aiding the processes of reconciliation. And yet the UN still speaks of the reconciliatory purposes the ICTY archives may serve. Pursuing reconciliation, however, sets up the archive for failure. It would be better for those establishing the archives to focus on other, attainable goals, taking into account Martha Minow’s caution against judicial records that merely “speak for themselves” (1998). This essay provides historical context for the development of the ICTY archives, outlining its two decades of work, and emphasizes the political context from and into which the archives will emerge.
Keywords: A&DwP website; Balkans; International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY); International criminal courts; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Truth and reconciliation

Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 - Judt, Tony (Penguin Books, 2006)
Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations Arthur Ross Book Award • One of the New York Times' Ten Best Books of the Year“Impressive . . . Mr. Judt writes with enormous authority.” —The Wall Street Journal“Magisterial . . . It is, without a doubt, the most comprehensive, authoritative, and yes, readable postwar history.” —The Boston GlobeAlmost a decade in the making, this much-anticipated grand history of postwar Europe from one of the world's most esteemed historians and intellectuals is a singular achievement. Postwar is the first modern history that covers all of Europe, both east and west, drawing on research in six languages to sweep readers through thirty-four nations and sixty years of political and cultural change-all in one integrated, enthralling narrative. Both intellectually ambitious and compelling to read, thrilling in its scope and delightful in its small details, Postwar is a rare joy. Judt's book, Ill Fares the Land, republished in 2021 featuring a new preface by bestselling author of Between the World and Me and The Water Dancer, Ta-Nehisi Coates.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Lutter contre l'impunité. Dix questions pour comprendre et pour agir - Joinet, Louis (La Découverte, 2002)
Depuis les années 1990, il devient enfin envisageable de juger les responsables contemporains de violations massives des droits de l'homme : la pression des sociétés civiles a permis la création de tribunaux ad hoc (ex-Yougoslavie et Rwanda), la mise en place prochaine d'une Cour pénale internat...
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Records Management Code of Practice 2021 - A guide to the management of health and care records - NHS England (NHS England, 2021)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century - Huntington, Samuel P. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1993)
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred.Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the "snowballing" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the "torturer problem" and the "praetorian problem" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues.Several "Guidelines for Democratizers" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 - Hobsbawm, Eric (Vintage, 1996)
Dividing the century into the Age of Catastrophe, 1914–1950, the Golden Age, 1950–1973, and the Landslide, 1973–1991, Hobsbawm marshals a vast array of data into a volume of unparalleled inclusiveness, vibrancy, and insight, a work that ranks with his classics The Age of Empire and The Age of Revolution.    In the short century between 1914 and 1991, the world has been convulsed by two global wars that swept away millions of lives and entire systems of government. Communism became a messianic faith and then collapsed ignominiously.  Peasants became city dwellers, housewives became workers—and, increasingly leaders.  Populations became literate even as new technologies threatened to make print obsolete.  And the driving forces of history swung from Europe to its former colonies.Includes 32 pages of photos.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Is There Room for Archives in the Postmodern World? - Heald, Carolyn (The American Archivist, 1996)
This extended think-piece begins by exploring the late twentieth-century philosophical trend of postmodernism, and what its fragmented, decontextualized world-view means for archives. Such a position, as taken up by some historians, posits the absence of coherence, the death of grand historical narratives, and the supremacy of relativity. Consideration of the postmodern serves as a jumping-off point for an exploration of the nature of records, and the mission of the archival profession to furnish an understanding of the documentary evidence of past societies. The discussion leads full circle to situating archivists within their own (postmodern) society and explores how current trends in appraisal and description reflect present societal concerns. Ultimately, the article concludes that there is room for archives and archivists in the postmodern world, and that archivists, with their unique perspective on reading/deconstructing the documentary traces of society, are ideally suited to make sense of it.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions - Hayner, Priscilla B. (Routledge, 2010)
In a sweeping review of forty truth commissions, Priscilla Hayner delivers a definitive exploration of the global experience in official truth-seeking after widespread atrocities. When Unspeakable Truths was first published in 2001, it quickly became a classic, helping to define the field of truth commissions and the broader arena of transitional justice. This second edition is fully updated and expanded, covering twenty new commissions formed in the last ten years, analyzing new trends, and offering detailed charts that assess the impact of truth commissions and provide comparative information not previously available.Placing the increasing number of truth commissions within the broader expansion in transitional justice, Unspeakable Truths surveys key developments and new thinking in reparations, international justice, healing from trauma, and other areas. The book challenges many widely-held assumptions, based on hundreds of interviews and a sweeping review of the literature. This book will help to define how these issues are addressed in the future.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Claiming Less, Delivering More: A Critique of Positivist Formulations on Archives in South Africa - Harris, Verne (Archivaria, 1997)
Keywords: 19th century; Apartheid; Archivists; Government archives; History--History of North And South America; Library And Information Sciences; Philosophy; Positivism; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Society

El Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional de Guatemala, en la encrucijada - González Quintana, Antonio (Archivamos: Boletín ACAL, 2019)
El descubrimiento y posterior proceso de recuperación del Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional de Guatemala supone una de las mayores experiencias exitosas de mayor alcance en América Latina en el uso de los archivos como instrumentos de apoyo a la defensa de los derechos humanos y a la construcción de los procesos de memoria histórica. pero la situación en la que hoy se encuentran los documentos producidos por la Policía Nacional entre 1881 y 1997 puede definirse claramente como de encrucijada.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La experiencia del Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional de Guatemala (AHPN) como referente del uso de los archivos en defensa de los derechos humanos - González Quintana, Antonio (Historia, trabajo y sociedad, 2019)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Documentos sin fronteras para un justicia universal - González Quintana, Antonio (Tabula: revista de archivos de Castilla y León, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La política archivística del Gobierno español y la ausencia de gestión del pasado desde el comienzo de la transición - Quintana, Antonio González (Hispania nova, Revista de Historia Contemporánea, 2007)
Most of political parties represented at the Spanish Parliament agreed, after Franco’s death, not to face the recent past. From the beginning of the Spanish political transition has existed neither a policy of memory nor a real archival policy regarding that subject. The management of the records produced by D.N.S.D. (National Delegation of Documentary Services, the information agency of Franco regime in Salamanca), was only focused on improving historical researches. The archives of military courts, used for massive civilian repression in ther forties, thirty years after continue being the biggest gap in Spanish archival legislation. No measures have been adopted to provide accountability about Human Rights violations or to facilitate the spreading of compensations for victims of repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

To Remember and Forget: Archives, Memory, and Culture - Foote, Kenneth E. (The American Archivist, 1990)
The idea of archives as collective memory is sometimes employed as a metaphor for discussing the social and cultural role of archives. It is argued here that the idea is more than a metaphor and is supported by theories that would view collections of documents and material artifacts as means of extending the temporal and spatial range of communication. Archives, along with other communicational resources such as oral and ritual tradition, help to transfer information--and thereby sustain memory--from generation to generation. Two examples illustrate the interrelationship of archives and memory within this broadened view of communication and culture. The first arises from attempts to find ways to warn future generations of the location of radioactive waste repositories. The second revolves around pressure to efface from cultural landscapes evidence of tragic events that people wish to forget.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Olympe De Gouges - Faucheux, Michel (GALLIMARD, 2017)
"Femme, réveille-toi !". Comment faire entendre sa voix en ce XVIIIe siècle qui grouille de paroles alors que grandit le silence divin ? Quel langage trouver pour avoir le sentiment d'être soi ? Comment exister à ce moment où la politique devient un théâtre de l'idéal mais aussi de la cruauté ? Comment, en somme, faire en sorte que "si la femme a le droit de monter sur l'échafaud", elle puisse aussi avoir le droit de "monter à la tribune" ? Voici quelques-unes des questions auxquelles tente de répondre cette biographie de Marie Gouze, dite Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793), auteur d'une oeuvre essentielle comprenant pièces de théâtre et écrits politiques, dont la célèbre Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The "European Network of Official Authorities in Charge of the Secret Police Files”: A Reader on the Legal Foundations, Structures and Activities (BStU, 2014)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Obstacles to the access, use and transfer of information from archives: a RAMP study - UNESCO Digital Library - Duchein, Michel (Unesco, 1983)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Death Squad Diary: Looking into the Secret Archives of Guatemala’s Bureaucracy of Murder - Doyle, Kate (Harper’s Magazine, 1999)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence - de Greiff, Pablo (United Nations, 2014)
The Spanish Civil War and the 40 years of dictatorship that followed left a colossal aftermath in terms of victims of serious human rights and humanitarian law violations, including executions, torture, arbitrary detentions, disappearances, forced labour for prisoners and exile.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Political Effects: Trust in Government - Roman, David (Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland., 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Chapter 2 - Archival institutions - Cunningham, Adrian (Archives: Recordkeeping in Society Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

El derecho de reparación a las víctimas en el derecho internacional : un estudio comparativo entre el derecho internacional de responsabilidad estatal y los principios básicos de reparación de víctimas de derechos humanos - Cruz, Luis M. (Revista de Derecho Político, 2010)
En este artículo se analizan los textos más importantes en el ámbito de reparación a las víctimas en el ámbito internacional y que reflejan las características esenciales tanto del derecho internacional de responsabilidad estatal como del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Por un lado, los Artículos sobre la Responsabilidad del Estado por hechos internacionalmente ilícitos, adoptados por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional de las Naciones Unidas en 2001. Por otro lado, los Principios y Directrices Básicos sobre el Derecho de las Víctimas de Violaciones Manifiestas de las Normas Internacionales de Derechos Humanos y de Violaciones Graves del Derecho Internacional Humanitario a Interponer Recursos y Obtener Reparaciones, aprobados por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 2005. Estos textos articulan, cada uno en su ámbito, aquellos principios que han sido aplicados en el los tribunales internacionales y que gozan de un amplio consenso en el derecho internacional. El objetivo del artículo es identificar los elementos comunes así como los elementos característicos de cada uno de ellos, en orden a mostrar sus logros y deficiencias a la hora de reparar a las víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; derecho a una reparación; human rights violations; reparación; reparation; right to a remedy; victims; violaciones de derechos humanos; víctimas

Selected Themes in the Literature on Memory and Their Pertinence to Archives - Craig, Barbara L. (The American Archivist, 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

What is Past is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift - Cook, Terry (Archivaria, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en la República Dominicana - CIDH (Organización de los Estados Americanos)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

El Caso de España contra las dictaduras chilena y argentina: Los documentos del juez Garzón y la audiencia nacional - Maruja, Torres (Planeta, 1998)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Vers un droit d'accès à l'information publique: les avancées récentes des normes et des pratiques - Canavaggio, Perrine (Unesco, 2014)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The United Nations Set of Principles to Combat Impunity: A Commentary - Haldemann, Frank; Unger, Thomas (Oxford University Press, 2018)
The fight against impunity has become a growing concern of the international community. Updated in 2005, the UN Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity is the fruit of several years of study, developed under the aegis of the UN Commission on Human Rights and then affirmed by the Human Rights Council. These Principles are today widely accepted as constituting an authoritative reference point for efforts in the fight against impunity for gross human rights abuses and serious violations of international humanitarian law. As a comprehensive attempt to codify universal accountability norms, the UN Set of Principles marks a significant step forward in the debate on the obligation of states to combat impunity in its various forms. Bringing together leading experts in the field, this volume provides comprehensive academic commentary of the 38 principles. The book is a perfect companion to the document, setting out the text of the Principles alongside detailed analysis, as well as a full introduction and a guide to the relevant literature and case law. The commentary advances debates and clarifies complex legal issues, making it an essential resource for legal academics, students, and practitioners working in fields such as human rights, international criminal law, and transitional justice.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Past That Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Limits of Limits: Derridean Deconstruction and the Archival Institution - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

A Paper Monument: The History of the Arolsen Archive - Borggräfe, Henning; Höschler, Christian; Panek, Isabel; Arolsen Archives (Bad Arolsen, 2019)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Transformation: the Czech experience - People in Need (Organization) (People in Need, 2006)
Keywords: 1989-1992; 1993-; Czech Republic; Czechoslovakia; Democratization; Economic policy; Politics and government; Post-communism; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Les Archives nationales d'Haïti : près de deux siècles d'histoire, un nouveau départ - Bertrand, Jean-Wilfrid (Gazette des archives, 1988)
Das Staatsarchiv von Haiti. Verschleuderung der Archivbestànde, keinerlei Fachgesetzgebung vor 1860, dann unzurei-chende Durchfiihrungsbestimmungen, mehrfacher Wechsel des mit der Aufsicht betrauten Ministeriums und schliesslich Beschrànkung auf die Rolle eines Standesamts : das sind die vom Staatsarchiv von Haiti bis 1983 durchgemachten Widrigkeiteri. Seit diesem Zeitpunkt haben eine von Grund auf unternommene Neuorganisierung und die Einsetzung einer neuen Direktion die neuerliche Instandsetzung und die teilweise Neueinrichtung der Ôrtlichkeiten, die Verkùndung einer neuen Archivgesetzgebung (1984), ein Anwachse des Jahreshaushalts des Staatsarchivs um 75 %, eine hôhere Einstufung der Ausbildung des Personals, die Erôffnung einer Restaurierungswerkstatt (1987), den Beginn der Ordnung der Bestànde und der Aufnahme der Urkunden auf Mikrofiches sowie eine Politik, die landes-wie weltweit Interesse fur dieses Staatsarchiv wachrufen soll, gestattet. Ausdehnung der Baulichkeiten, Erôffnung eines Mikrobildlaboratoriums, Ausbildungsprogramme fur Archivare, Niederlassung ausser-halb der Hauptstadt, Werbung fur die Uberlassung von Privatarchiven finden unter den Vorhaben fur die nàchsten Jahre Platz.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Bassiouni, M. Cherif (UN,, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law - Bassiouni, M. (Springer, 1999)
In this revised edition, Professor Bassiouni persuasively establishes the legal validity of the Nuremberg Charter and describes the evolution of crimes against humanity' from 1945 to the 1998 ICC Statute. The book's comprehensive historical and legal analysis starts with the origins of this crime in the international regulation of armed conflicts and covers the Nuremberg, Tokyo and Allied Prosecutions after World War II, and subsequent national prosecutions, as well as the Statutes of the ICTY, ICTR and their jurisprudence, and the Statute of the ICC. The Nuremberg Charter first established crimes against humanity' in positive international criminal law, but it raised lingering legal issues. The book examines the ten different international legal formulations which were developed at that time, particularly their overlap with genocide and war crimes, and sorts out the confusion regarding the legal characteristics of this crime. The meticulous and thorough analysis of all relevant legal issues, many of which are not covered elsewhere, includes: principles of legality, criminal responsibility for decision-makers and others, command responsibility, obedience to superior orders and other defences, specific contents and their counterpart in national laws, policy considerations, and the applicability of this crime to non-State actors. The wealth of information and detailed discussion of international and national prosecutions and their failures make a compelling case for more effective enforcement in the future. The author brings to this book his well-known scholarship and unique practical experiences as Chairman of the UN Commission that investigated these crimes in the former Yugoslavia, andas Chairman of the ICC's Drafting Committee in Rome. The breadth and depth of this exhaustively documented book makes it the definitive authority on crimes against humanity'.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

De cóndores y jueces: reflexiones archivísticas sobre una investigación judicial - Barrera, Giulia (Tábula, 2011)
El artículo aborda algunas de las cuestiones archivísticas que aparecieron durante una investigación judicial realizada por el Ministerio público de Roma (Italia) sobre las violaciones de derechos humanos en Sudamérica en los años 1970. Concretamente, la investigación se centró en el asesinato de algunos ciudadanos italo-argentinos e italo-uruguayos, por, posiblemente, agentes secretos que pertenecieron al Sistema de Cóndor. El trabajo aborda tres puntos diferente - aunque interrelacionados-: (1) muestra como la justicia transnacional conduce a la construcción de archivos de procesos complejos, de naturaleza internacional, y a conflictos internacionales y locales sobre la categoría legal de la prueba documental; (2) argumenta que los archivos de procesos celebrados en América, en cuanto a abusos de derechos humanos, deberían ser accesibles a los ciudadanos de los países afectados; (3) sobre la base de la experiencia de la autora como consultora en esta investigación judicial, el texto recalca que la descripción de archivo según las normas profesionales ayuda al trabajo judicial.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies - Brito, Alexandra Barahona De; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (Oxford University Press, 2001)
One of the most important political and ethical issues faced during a political transition from authoritarian or totalitarian to democratic rule is how to deal with legacies of repression. This book explores the important aspect of transitional politics, assessing how Portugal, Spain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Germany after reunification, Russia, the Southern Cone of Latin America and Central America, as well as South Africa, have confronted legacies of repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil - Arendt, Hannah (Viking Press, 1963)
"While living in Argentina in 1960, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped and smuggled to Israel where he was put on trial for crimes against humanity. The New Yorker magazine sent Hannah Arendt to cover the trial. While covering the technical aspects of the trial, Arendt also explored the wider themes inherent in the trial, such as the nature of justice, the behavior of the Jewish leadership during the Nazi Régime, and, most controversially, the nature of Evil itself. Far from being evil incarnate, as the prosecution painted Eichmann, Arendt maintains that he was an average man, a petty bureaucrat interested only in furthering his career, and the evil he did came from the seductive power of the totalitarian state and an unthinking adherence to the Nazi cause. Indeed, Eichmann's only defense during the trial was "I was just following orders."
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archivos y derechos humanos - Alberch i Fugueras, Ramon Alberch i (Trea, 2008)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Conference ICA Adelaide 2019 - International Council on Archives (ica.org)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Contribution of the United Nations system as a whole to the advancement of the business and human rights agenda and the dissemination and implementation of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights - Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2012)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Arxivers - Arxivers.org (arxivers)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes - Quintana, Antonio González (Unesco, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Pinheiro Principles: United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons - Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Truth commission - Hayner, Priscilla B.
truth commission, an official body established to investigate a series of human rights violations, war crimes, or other serious abuses that took place over many years. Truth commissions aim to identify the causes and consequences of abuses, which may have been committed by repressive regimes or by armed groups. They conclude with a final report, including recommendations for reform to prevent such abuses from being repeated. The first well-known truth commission, known as the National Commission on the Disappeared, was established in Argentina in 1983. Others were soon established in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere in Latin America. It was not
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Encyclopedia Britannica - Britannica
Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Torture in Brazil: A Shocking Report on the Pervasive Use of Torture by Brazilian Military Governments, 1964-1979, Secretly Prepared by the Archiodese of São Paulo - Brazil Archdiocese of São Paulo (University of Texas Press, 1998)
Winner, A Choice Outstanding Academic BookFrom 1964 until 1985, Brazil was ruled by a military regime that sanctioned the systematic use of torture in dealing with its political opponents. The catalog of what went on during that grim period was originally published in Portuguese as Brasil: Nunca Mais (Brazil: Never Again) in 1985.The volume was based on the official documentation kept by the very military that perpetrated the horrific acts. These extensive documents include military court proceedings of actual trials, secretly photocopied by lawyers associated with the Catholic Church and analyzed by a team of researchers. Their daring project—known as BNM for Brasil: Nunca Mais—compiled more than 2,700 pages of testimony by political prisoners documenting close to three hundred forms of torture.The BNM project proves conclusively that torture was an essential part of the military justice system and that judicial authorities were clearly aware of the use of torture to extract confessions. Still, it took more than a decade after the publication of Brasil: Nunca Mais for the armed forces to admit publicly that such torture had ever taken place. Torture in Brazil, the English version of the book re-edited here, serves as a timely reminder of the role of Brazil's military in past repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Brasil Nunca Mais - um Relato para a História - 5ª Edição - Arns, Cardeal; Paulo Evaristo, D. (Vozes, 1985)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps 2006/1, no.81 - L’Argentine de Perón à Kirchner 1973-2003 - La contemporaine (Bibliotheque de Documentation Contemporaine, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ISO 16363:2012 Space data and information transfer systems — Audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories - ISO (ISO, 2012)
ISO 16363:2012 defines a recommended practice for assessing the trustworthiness of digital repositories. It is applicable to the entire range of digital repositories. ISO 16363:2012 can be used as a basis for certification.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

solution adopted by the Human Rights Council - 18/7 Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence - Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013 [on the report of the Third Committee (A/68/456/Add.2)] 68/165. Right to the truth - United Nations (United Nations, 2014)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Right to the truth - Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

UN Human Rights Council: Right to the Truth, Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (United Nations, 2007)
Fifth session Item 2 of the provisional agenda
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Study on the Right to the Truth, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - Commission on Human Rights (2006)
Sixty-second session Item 17 of the provisional agenda
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights