A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Glendon, Mary Ann (Random House Publishing Group, 2002)
Unafraid to speak her mind and famously tenacious in her convictions, Eleanor Roosevelt was still mourning the death of FDR when she was asked by President Truman to lead a controversial commission, under the auspices of the newly formed United Nations, to forge the world’s first international bill of rights. A World Made New is the dramatic and inspiring story of the remarkable group of men and women from around the world who participated in this historic achievement and gave us the founding document of the modern human rights movement. Spurred on by the horrors of the Second World War and working against the clock in the brief window of hope between the armistice and the Cold War, they grappled together to articulate a new vision of the rights that every man and woman in every country around the world should share, regardless of their culture or religion.A landmark work of narrative history based in part on diaries and letters to which Mary Ann Glendon, an award-winning professor of law at Harvard University, was given exclusive access, A World Made New is the first book devoted to this crucial turning point in Eleanor Roosevelt’s life, and in world history.Finalist for the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award
Keywords: Biography & Autobiography / Political; History / United States / 20th Century; Political Science / Human Rights; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Mechanisms complementing prosecution - Olson, Laura (Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge/International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives, records, and power: The making of modern memory - Schwartz, Joan M.; Cook, Terry (Archival Science, 2002)
This article serves as the general introduction by the guest editors to the first of two thematic issues of Archival Science that will explore the theme, "archives, records, and power." Archives as institutions and records as documents are generally seen by academic and other users, and by society generally, as passive resources to be .exploited for various historical and cultural purposes. Historians since the mid-nineteenth century, in pursuing the new scientific history, needed an archive that was a neutral repositories of facts. Until very recently, archivists obliged by extolling their own professional myth of impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity. Yet archives are established by the powerful to protect or enhance their position in society. Through archives, the past is controlled. Certain stories are privileged and others marginalized. And archivists are an integral part of this story-telling. In the design of record-keeping systems, in the appraisal and selection of a tiny fragment of all possible records to enter the archive, in approaches to subsequent and ever-changing description and preservation of the archive, and in its patterns of communication and use, archivists continually reshape, reinterpret, and reinvent the archive. This represents enormous power over memory and identity, over the fundamental ways in which society seeks evidence of what its core values are and have been, where it has come from, and where it is going. Archives, then, are not passive storehouses of old stuff', but active sites where social power is negotiated, contested, confirmed. The power of archives, records, and archivists should no longer remain naturalized or denied, but opened to vital debate and transparent accountability.
Keywords: Archival theory; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; archives and power relationships; identity formation; representation and reality; social memory

Reflections on the Goal of Archival Appraisal in Democratic Societies - Eastwood, Terry (Archivaria, 2002)

Establishing Recognition of Past Injustices: Uses of Archival Records in Documenting the Experience of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War - Roberts-Moore, Judith (Archivaria, 2002)

Selected Themes in the Literature on Memory and Their Pertinence to Archives - Craig, Barbara L. (The American Archivist, 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Virginity Testing in Turkey: A Violation of Women’s Human Rights - Lasco, Chanté (Human Rights Brief, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Recordkeeping, reconciliation and political reality - Piggott, Michael; McKemmish, Sue (Australian Society of Archivists Annual Conference, 2002)
Keywords: Uncategorized

DECLARATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND HUMAN DUTIES - Valencia, Fundacion; Milenio, Tercer (globalization.icaap.org, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Romania: Bottom of the Heap - Judt, Tony (The New York Review, 2001)
The February 2000 issue of the Bucharest men's magazine Plai cu Boi features one Princess Brianna Caradja. Variously clad in leather or nothing much at
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies - Brito, Alexandra Barahona De; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (Oxford University Press, 2001)
One of the most important political and ethical issues faced during a political transition from authoritarian or totalitarian to democratic rule is how to deal with legacies of repression. This book explores the important aspect of transitional politics, assessing how Portugal, Spain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Germany after reunification, Russia, the Southern Cone of Latin America and Central America, as well as South Africa, have confronted legacies of repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tacit narratives: The meanings of archives - Ketelaar, Eric (Archival Science, 2001)
Archivists and historians usually consider archives as repositories of historical sources and the archivist as a neutral custodian. Sociologists and anthropologists see "the archive" also as a system of collecting, categorizing, and exploiting memories. Archivists are hesitantly acknowledging their role in shaping memories. I advocate that archival fonds, archival documents, archival institutions, and archival systems contain tacit narratives which must be deconstructed in order to understand the meanings of archives.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Judging the Past in Unified Germany - McAdams, A. James (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
In recent years, no modern democracy has taken more aggressive steps to come to terms with a legacy of dictatorship than has the Federal Republic of Germany with the crimes and injustices of Communist East Germany. In this book, A. James McAdams provides a comprehensive and engaging examination of the four most prominent instances of this policy: criminal trials for the killings at the Berlin Wall; the disqualification of administrative personnel for secret-police ties; parliamentary truth-telling commissions; and private property restitution. On the basis of extensive interviews in Bonn and Berlin over the 1990s, McAdams gives new insight into the difficulties German politicians, judges, bureaucrats, and public officials faced sitting in judgment on the affairs of another state. He argues provocatively that the success of their policies must be measured in terms of the way they used East German history to justify their actions. In 1997, A. James McAdams was awarded the DAAD Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German Studies. He is Professor and Chair of the Department of Government and International Studies at University of Notre Dame, in Notre Dame, Indiana. He is the author of East Germany and Détente (Cambridge University Press, 1985), Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification (Princeton University Press, 1992), and co-author of Rebirth: A Political History of Europe Since World War II (Westview Press, 1999). McAdams is also editor of Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies (University of Notre Dame Press, 1997).
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence - Rigby, Andrew (Lynne Rienner Pub, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 2001)

The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala - Chapman, Audrey; Ball, Patrick (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
This article identifies some of the complexities and factors shaping the efforts of truth commissions. It also evaluates the kinds of truths that truth commissions can most appropriately seek to determine. While truth commissions are often portrayed as generic bodies, they have very different approaches to the kind of "truth" they are seeking. Their official mandates, the perceptions and priorities of their commissioners and key staff, the methodological orientations utilized, and the level of resources available all shape the nature of their findings and the type of report they produce. In addition, decisions made by those working within a specific truth commission, sometimes without an understanding of their implications, often have important consequences for truth-finding. The analysis draws on the experience of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) Science and Human Rights Program in providing scientific and technical assistance to three recent truth commissions-the Haitian National Commission for Truth and Justice (CNVJ), the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC), and the Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) in Guatemala.

The Past That Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Political Forgiveness - Digeser, Peter (Cornell University Press, 2001)
What does forgiveness mean when it appears in politics, and what is its relationship to other ideas in political philosophy? In Political Forgiveness, P. E. Digeser defends a conception of forgiveness against those who are skeptical of its desirability as a political idea. While much of the previous work on forgiveness reflects theological or psychological perspectives, Digeser offers a concept of political forgiveness that is secular and public rather than religious or personal. It centers on the capacity of victims and creditors to release transgressors and debtors from their moral and financial debts. "If justice is a matter of receiving one's due", he says, "then political forgiveness entails releasing one's due". Nevertheless, political forgiveness remains connected to justice in important ways.Exploring the limits and possibilities of political forgiveness, Digeser considers not only its relationship to justice, but also such issues as who has authority to forgive, the connection between forgiveness and reconciliation, the meaning and scope of group responsibility, the idea of pardoning as a form of political forgiveness, and whether there is an obligation to forgive.
Keywords: Political Science / General; Political Science / History & Theory; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights: A Survey of Archival Sources in the United States and Canada - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)

Clarification Commission in Guatemala - Tomuschat, Christian (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Universalizing Human Rights: The Role of Small States in the Construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Waltz, Susan (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Establishment of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues - Economic and Social Council Resolution 2000/22 - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations, 2000)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography - Maier, Charles S. (University of California Press, 2000)
The Rape of Nanjing was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II. On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing, then the capital of wartime China. According to the International Military Tribunal, during the ensuing massacre 20,000 Chinese men of military age were killed and approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred; in all, the total number of people killed in and around the city of Nanjing was about 200,000. This carefully researched, intelligent collection of original essays considers the post-World War II treatment in China of the Nanjing Massacre and Japan. The book examines how the issue has developed as a political and diplomatic controversy in the five decades since World War II.In his introduction, Joshua A. Fogel raises the significant moral and historiographical issues that frame the other essays. Mark Eykholt then provides an account of postwar Chinese responses to the massacre. Takashi Yoshida assesses the attempts to downplay the incident and its effects, providing a revealing analysis of Japanese debates over Japan's role in the world and the continuing ambivalence of many Japanese toward their defeat in World War II. In the concluding essay, Daqing Yang widens the scope of the discussion by comparing the Nanjing historiographic debates to similar debates in Germany over the nature of the Holocaust.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Bassiouni, M. Cherif (UN,, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Archives and Research on Historical Memory: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay - Bickford, Louis (Latin American Research Review, 2000)
[This research note discusses an emerging subfield of inquiry in the study of democratization in Latin America: a focus on the relationships between past human rights abuses and democratization processes. It outlines four sets of questions emerging around the themes of "historical memory" and "legacies of authoritarian rule." The study then examines documentary collections of major human rights nongovernmental organizations (HRNGOs) in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. The purpose of this endeavor is to provide researchers interested in studying the four issues with specific information on documents produced and currently held by the HRNGOs in the Southern Cone. The essay examines seven HRNGOs in Chile, ten in Argentina, and four in Uruguay, and ends with practical hints for researchers who wish to use these resources.]

ISAD(G): General international standard archival description; adopted by the Committee on Descriptive Standards, Stockholm, Sweden, 19-22 Sept. 1999 - International Council of Archives (ICA Standards, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Arresting Nazi spies in Vichy France (1940–42) - Kitson, Simon (Intelligence and National Security, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Challenge of Human Rights – CHARLES MALIK and the Universal Declaration - Malik, Habib C. (The Centre for Lebanese Studies and I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
Charles Malik of Lebanon was a key player at the UN in this historical drama that extracted a set of universal human rights out of the chaos of antagonistic ideologies and clashing world-views. This book contains a distillation of his writings, interventions and reflections on the making of the Universal Declaration, the contentious issues grappled with along the way, some of the personalities involved in the process, and the laborious stages of the process itself.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict - Bien, William J.; Bouckaert, Peter; Hanson, Alan; Khachikian, Arthur; King, Kevin; Laudy, Mark; Levy, Tali; Messing, Barbara; Stettenheim, Joel; Tang, Rock; Weinthal, Erika (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999)
The international community can creatively and aggressively address deadly conflict through mediation, arbitration, and the development of international institutions to promote reconciliation. The editors of this book designed a systematic framework with which contributors compare third party intervention in twelve conflicts of the postDCold War period. They examine the role of international organizations_the United Nations, international development banks, and international law institutions_and they analyze the tools and forms of leverage in successful and unsuccessful mediations. Based on the case studies, the editors identify the most effective institutions, make recommendations for improving interventions, and elucidate several important insights into the mediation process and the role of the international community in dispute resolution.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Taking Duties Seriously: Individual Duties in International Human Rights Law - International Council on Human Rights (International Council on Human Rights, 1999)
Other in English on World about Protection and Human Rights; published on 1 Dec 1999 by ICHRP
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

When Tyrants Tremble: The Pinochet Report - Human Rights Watch (1999)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law - Bassiouni, M. (Springer, 1999)
In this revised edition, Professor Bassiouni persuasively establishes the legal validity of the Nuremberg Charter and describes the evolution of crimes against humanity' from 1945 to the 1998 ICC Statute. The book's comprehensive historical and legal analysis starts with the origins of this crime in the international regulation of armed conflicts and covers the Nuremberg, Tokyo and Allied Prosecutions after World War II, and subsequent national prosecutions, as well as the Statutes of the ICTY, ICTR and their jurisprudence, and the Statute of the ICC. The Nuremberg Charter first established crimes against humanity' in positive international criminal law, but it raised lingering legal issues. The book examines the ten different international legal formulations which were developed at that time, particularly their overlap with genocide and war crimes, and sorts out the confusion regarding the legal characteristics of this crime. The meticulous and thorough analysis of all relevant legal issues, many of which are not covered elsewhere, includes: principles of legality, criminal responsibility for decision-makers and others, command responsibility, obedience to superior orders and other defences, specific contents and their counterpart in national laws, policy considerations, and the applicability of this crime to non-State actors. The wealth of information and detailed discussion of international and national prosecutions and their failures make a compelling case for more effective enforcement in the future. The author brings to this book his well-known scholarship and unique practical experiences as Chairman of the UN Commission that investigated these crimes in the former Yugoslavia, andas Chairman of the ICC's Drafting Committee in Rome. The breadth and depth of this exhaustively documented book makes it the definitive authority on crimes against humanity'.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice - Brooks, Roy L. (NYU Press, 1999)
Leading scholars, activists, and political leaders on being victim's of the world's worst atrocities"How much compensation ought to be paid to a woman who was raped 7,500 times? What would the members of the Commission want for their daughters if their daughters had been raped even once?"?Karen Parker, speaking before the U.N. Commission on Human RightsSeemingly every week, a new question arises relative to the current worldwide ferment over human injustices. Why does the U.S. offer $20,000 atonement money to Japanese Americans relocated to concentration camps during World War II, while not even apologizing to African Americans for 250 years of human bondage and another century of institutionalized discrimination? How can the U.S. and Canada best grapple with the genocidal campaigns against Native Americans on which their countries were founded? How should Japan make amends to Korean "comfort women" sexually enslaved during World War II? Why does South Africa deem it necessary to grant amnesty to whites who tortured and murdered blacks under apartheid? Is Germany's highly praised redress program, which has paid billions of dollars to Jews worldwide, a success, and, as such, an example for others?More generally, is compensation for a historical wrong dangerous "blood money" that allows a nation to wash its hands forever of its responsibility to those it has injured? A rich collection of essays from leading scholars, pundits, activists, and political leaders the world over, many written expressly for this volume, When Sorry Isn't Enough also includes the voices of the victims of some of the world's worst atrocities, thereby providing a panoramic perspective on an international controversy often marked more by heat than reason.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Guide to the archives of intergovernmental organizations - Unesco (Unesco, 1999)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany - Maier, Professor Charles S. (Princeton University Press, 1999)
Against the backdrop of one of the great transformations of our century, the sudden and unexpected fall of communism as a ruling system, Charles Maier recounts the history and demise of East Germany. Dissolution is his poignant, analytically provocative account of the decline and fall of the late German Democratic Republic. This book explains the powerful causes for the disintegration of German communism as it constructs the complex history of the GDR. Maier looks at the turning points in East Germany's forty-year history and at the mix of coercion and consent by which the regime functioned. He analyzes the GDR as it evolved from the purges of the 1950s to the peace movements and emerging youth culture of the 1980s, and then turns his attention to charges of Stasi collaboration that surfaced after 1989. In the context of describing the larger collapse of communism, Maier analyzes German elements that had counterparts throughout the Soviet bloc, including its systemic and eventually terminal economic crisis, corruption and privilege in the SED, the influence of the Stasi and the plight of intellectuals and writers, and the slow loss of confidence on the part of the ruling elite. He then discusses the mass protests and proliferation of dissident groups in 1989, the collapse of the ruling party, and the troubled aftermath of unification. Dissolution is the first book that spans the communist collapse and the ensuing process of unification, and that draws on newly available archival documents from the last phases of the GDR, including Stasi reports, transcripts of Politburo and Central Committee debates, and papers from the Economic Planning Commission, the Council of Ministers, and the office files of key party officials. This book is further bolstered by Maier's extensive knowledge of European history and the Cold War, his personal observations and conversations with East Germans during the country's dramatic transition, and memoirs and other eyewitness accounts published during the four-decade history of the GDR.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Clinton Offers His Apologies To Guatemala - Broder, John M. (The New York Times, 1999)
Pres Clinton, in Guatemala on third day of his Central America trip, apologizes for US support of right-wing governments in Guatemala that killed tens of thousands of rebels and Mayan Indians in 36-year civil war; promises US support for reconciliation in Guatemala as well as throughout Central America; makes his apology to gathering of leaders from many sectors of Guatemalan society, including Indians, women, Government officials and representatives of truth commission that issued report in Feb on war (M)
Keywords: CIVIL WAR AND GUERRILLA WARFARE; Clinton, Bill; Economic Conditions and Trends; El Salvador; Guatemala; Guatemala-International Relations-US; INDIANS, AMERICAN; Latin America; Mayans; Politics and Government; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social Conditions and Trends; United States International Relations

Death Squad Diary: Looking into the Secret Archives of Guatemala’s Bureaucracy of Murder - Doyle, Kate (Harper’s Magazine, 1999)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent - Morsink, Johannes (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999)
Born of a shared revulsion against the horrors of the Holocaust, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has become the single most important statement of international ethics. It was inspired by and reflects the full scope of President Franklin Roosevelt's famous four freedoms: "the freedom of speech and expression, the freedom of worship, the freedom from want, and the freedom from fear." Written by a UN commission led by Eleanor Roosevelt and adopted in 1948, the Declaration has become the moral backbone of more than two hundred human rights instruments that are now a part of our world. The result of a truly international negotiating process, the document has been a source of hope and inspiration to thousands of groups and millions of oppressed individuals.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities - Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities (universaldeclarationofhumanresponsibilities.info, 1999)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report - Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience - Ignatieff, Michael (Holt Paperbacks, 1998)
Since the early 1990s, Michael Ignatieff has traveled the world's war zones, from Bosnia to the West Bank, from Afghanistan to central Africa. The Warrior's Honor is a report and a reflection on what he has seen in the places where ethnic war has become a way of life. Ignatieff charts the rise of the new moral interventionists--the relief workers, reporters, delegates, and diplomats who believe that other people's misery is of concern to us all. And he brings us face-to-face with the new ethnic warriors--the warlords, gunmen, and paramilitaries--who have escalated postmodern war to an unprecedented level of savagery. Hard-hitting and passionate, The Warrior's Honor is a profound and searching exploration of the perils and obligations of moral citizenship in a world scarred by war and genocide.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Torture in Brazil: A Shocking Report on the Pervasive Use of Torture by Brazilian Military Governments, 1964-1979, Secretly Prepared by the Archiodese of São Paulo - Brazil Archdiocese of São Paulo (University of Texas Press, 1998)
Winner, A Choice Outstanding Academic BookFrom 1964 until 1985, Brazil was ruled by a military regime that sanctioned the systematic use of torture in dealing with its political opponents. The catalog of what went on during that grim period was originally published in Portuguese as Brasil: Nunca Mais (Brazil: Never Again) in 1985.The volume was based on the official documentation kept by the very military that perpetrated the horrific acts. These extensive documents include military court proceedings of actual trials, secretly photocopied by lawyers associated with the Catholic Church and analyzed by a team of researchers. Their daring project—known as BNM for Brasil: Nunca Mais—compiled more than 2,700 pages of testimony by political prisoners documenting close to three hundred forms of torture.The BNM project proves conclusively that torture was an essential part of the military justice system and that judicial authorities were clearly aware of the use of torture to extract confessions. Still, it took more than a decade after the publication of Brasil: Nunca Mais for the armed forces to admit publicly that such torture had ever taken place. Torture in Brazil, the English version of the book re-edited here, serves as a timely reminder of the role of Brazil's military in past repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Case of the “White Van” (Paniagua-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala Judgment of March 8 1998 - Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 1998)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

FURTHER PROMOTION AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, INCLUDING THE PROGRAMME AND METHODS OF WORK OF THE COMMISSION: HUMAN RIGHTS, MASS EXODUSES AND DISPLACED PERSONS - United Nations Economic and Social Council (United Nations, 1998)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Tuol Sleng Archives and the Cambodian Genocide - Adam, Dawne (Archivaria, 1998)
The purposes of this paper are, first of all, to describe how the Khmer Rouge documented the genocide they committed against their fellow Cambodians, with particular emphasis on the records created, used, and stored at the Tuol Sleng Incarceration Centre; secondly, to describe the bureaucracy the Khmer Rouge created that supported their documentation activities; thirdly, to suggest some reasons why they documented their activities so extensively; and finally, to describe the disposition of their records and the uses to which they are now being put. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of the Tuol Sleng archives to the Cambodian people’s and international community’s pursuit of justice.

From the "Single Confused Page" to the "Decalogue for Six Billion Persons": The Roots of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the French Revolution - Marks, Stephen P. (Human Rights Quarterly, 1998)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–51 - Wyman, Mark (Cornell University Press, 1998)
"Wyman's book is the only one that comprehensively, and sensitively, depicts the plight of the postwar refugees in Western Europe."-M. Mark Stolarik, University of Ottawa "This is a fascinating and very moving book."-International Migration Review "Wyman has written a highly readable account of the movement of diverse ethnic and cultural groups of Europe's displaced persons, 1945-1951. An analysis of the social, economic, and political circumstances within which relocation, resettlement, and repatriation of millions of people occurred, this study is equally a study in diplomacy, in international relations, and in social history.... A vivid and compassionate recreation of the events and circumstances within which displaced persons found themselves, of the strategies and means by which people survived or did not, and an account of the major powers in response to an unprecedented human crisis mark this as an important book."-Choice "Wyman interviewed some eighty DPs as well as employees of various agencies who served them; he cites a broad range of published primary sources, secondary sources, and some archival material.... This book presents a useful overview and should stimulate further research."-Journal of American Ethnic History "Wyman has written a highly readable account of the movement of diverse ethnic and cultural groups of Europe's displaced persons, 1945-1951. An analysis of the social, economic, and political circumstances within which relocation, resettlement, and repatriation of millions of people occurred, this study is equally a study in diplomacy, in international relations, and in social history.... A vivid and compassionate recreation of the events and circumstances within which displaced persons found themselves, of the strategies and means by which people survived or did not, and an account of the major powers in response to an unprecedented human crisis mark this as an important book."- Choice
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–51 - Wyman, Mark (Cornell University Press, 1998)
"Wyman's book is the only one that comprehensively, and sensitively, depicts the plight of the postwar refugees in Western Europe."-M. Mark Stolarik, University of Ottawa "This is a fascinating and very moving book."-International Migration Review "Wyman has written a highly readable account of the movement of diverse ethnic and cultural groups of Europe's displaced persons, 1945-1951. An analysis of the social, economic, and political circumstances within which relocation, resettlement, and repatriation of millions of people occurred, this study is equally a study in diplomacy, in international relations, and in social history.... A vivid and compassionate recreation of the events and circumstances within which displaced persons found themselves, of the strategies and means by which people survived or did not, and an account of the major powers in response to an unprecedented human crisis mark this as an important book."-Choice "Wyman interviewed some eighty DPs as well as employees of various agencies who served them; he cites a broad range of published primary sources, secondary sources, and some archival material.... This book presents a useful overview and should stimulate further research."-Journal of American Ethnic History "Wyman has written a highly readable account of the movement of diverse ethnic and cultural groups of Europe's displaced persons, 1945-1951. An analysis of the social, economic, and political circumstances within which relocation, resettlement, and repatriation of millions of people occurred, this study is equally a study in diplomacy, in international relations, and in social history.... A vivid and compassionate recreation of the events and circumstances within which displaced persons found themselves, of the strategies and means by which people survived or did not, and an account of the major powers in response to an unprecedented human crisis mark this as an important book."- Choice
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political): Revised final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119 - Joinet, Louis (UN,, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

What is Past is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift - Cook, Terry (Archivaria, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Claiming Less, Delivering More: A Critique of Positivist Formulations on Archives in South Africa - Harris, Verne (Archivaria, 1997)
Keywords: 19th century; Apartheid; Archivists; Government archives; History--History of North And South America; Library And Information Sciences; Philosophy; Positivism; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Society

Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes - Quintana, Antonio González (Unesco, 1997)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes - UNESCO Digital Library - Quintana, Antonio González (Unesco, 1997)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Jewish Claims against East Germany: Moral Obligations and Pragmatic Policy - Timm, Angelika (Central European University Press, 1997)
This is the first comprehensive history of Jewish negotiations with East Germany regarding restitution and reparations for Nazi war crimes. Angelika Timm analyzes the politics of old and new anti-Semitism and the context in which they grew under the officially propagated ideology of antifascism. Investigating the mass of unpublished, newly available archival data from the United States, Israel, and the former German Democratic Republic, and more than forty personal interviews, Timm fills a critical gap in the scholarship on postwar Germany. She analyzes the role of the Holocaust and the image of Jews in the historical consciousness and political culture of East Germany and chronicles the efforts of Jewish organizations, especially the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, to negotiate reparations with the East German state. The unique relationship between ideology and Realpolitik defined the manner in which East Germany confronted the crimes of its past and allowed anti-Semitism to reemerge.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996] - STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (STATUTES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, 1996)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Code of Ethics - International Council on Archives (International Council on Archives, 1996)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution - Tutu, Desmond (Image, 1996)
The Rainbow People Of God traces South Africa's glorious victory over apartheid in the writings and speeches of one its central figures, Archbishop Desmond Tutu. From the graveside of Steven Biko to the triumphant inauguration of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa, Tutu's words and presence helped shape events and led South Africa toward justice and freedom. This astonishing tapestry of narrative is not only a valuable historical document of those significant events, but it also showcases the unique sense of spirit of one of the foremost spiritual leaders in the world. Tested through the greatest adversity, these writings will endure for generations to come by their truly powerful combination of compassion and strength.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 - Hobsbawm, Eric (Vintage, 1996)
Dividing the century into the Age of Catastrophe, 1914–1950, the Golden Age, 1950–1973, and the Landslide, 1973–1991, Hobsbawm marshals a vast array of data into a volume of unparalleled inclusiveness, vibrancy, and insight, a work that ranks with his classics The Age of Empire and The Age of Revolution.    In the short century between 1914 and 1991, the world has been convulsed by two global wars that swept away millions of lives and entire systems of government. Communism became a messianic faith and then collapsed ignominiously.  Peasants became city dwellers, housewives became workers—and, increasingly leaders.  Populations became literate even as new technologies threatened to make print obsolete.  And the driving forces of history swung from Europe to its former colonies.Includes 32 pages of photos.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Is There Room for Archives in the Postmodern World? - Heald, Carolyn (The American Archivist, 1996)
This extended think-piece begins by exploring the late twentieth-century philosophical trend of postmodernism, and what its fragmented, decontextualized world-view means for archives. Such a position, as taken up by some historians, posits the absence of coherence, the death of grand historical narratives, and the supremacy of relativity. Consideration of the postmodern serves as a jumping-off point for an exploration of the nature of records, and the mission of the archival profession to furnish an understanding of the documentary evidence of past societies. The discussion leads full circle to situating archivists within their own (postmodern) society and explores how current trends in appraisal and description reflect present societal concerns. Ultimately, the article concludes that there is room for archives and archivists in the postmodern world, and that archivists, with their unique perspective on reading/deconstructing the documentary traces of society, are ideally suited to make sense of it.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Ceausescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989 - Deletant, Dennis (Routledge, 1995)
First Published in 2017. This book contains Deletant's research and view that an inescapable feature of life in Romania under Ceausescu was the ubiquity of the Securitate or the security police, known officially for much of the period as the Department of State Security of the Ministry of the Interior. He seeks to right the omission in Romanian literature, until now, of the mechanism of terror which Stalin used in Romania to enforce his will and about the organisation of the Department of State Security.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume III: Laws, Rulings, and Reports - Kritz, Neil J. (United States Institute of Peace, 1995)
Includes over 100 laws, regulations and decrees, constitutional provisions, judicial decisions, reports of official, commissions of inquiry, and treaty excerpts from 28 countries and from international organizations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

On the Edge of Greatness, Volume I: The Diaries of John Humphrey, First Director of the United Nations Human Rights Division, Volume I. - Hobbins, A.J. (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995)
The first of three projected volumes of Humphrey's diaries, Volume 1 (1948-49) covers the meetings in Geneva and Paris leading to the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (of which Humphrey had prepared the first draft); the daily activities of the UN Secretariat in Lake Success, N.Y.; and his visit to Strasbourg for the first Council of Europe. Humphrey details his interactions with international officials such as Trygve Lie and Henri Laugier, national representatives, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Pierre Mendès-France, and René Cassin, and a social circle that included Gabrielle Roy, F.R. Scott, and Hugh MacLennan. The Humphrey diaries represent an important primary source for the study of the international law of human rights and the development of the postwar UN human rights program.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archiving Human Rights: The Records of Amnesty International USA - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 1995)

Transitional justice: how emerging democracies reckon with former regimes - Kritz, Neil J. (United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995)
Keywords: Crimes against humanity; Criminal justice, Administration of; Political crimes and offenses; Political persecution; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Dealing with a Stasi Past - Gauck, Joachim (Daedalus, 1994)

CCPR General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion) - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), 1993)
Adopted at the Forty-eighth Session of the Human Rights Committee
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action - World Conference on Human Rights (United Nations, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms - Boven, Theodoor C. van (UN,, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century - Huntington, Samuel P. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1993)
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred.Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the "snowballing" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the "torturer problem" and the "praetorian problem" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues.Several "Guidelines for Democratizers" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Limits of Limits: Derridean Deconstruction and the Archival Institution - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 1993)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance - United Nations (OHCHR, 1992)
The General Assembly , Considering that , in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and other international instruments, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

German Comedy: Scenes of Life after the Wall - Schneider, Peter (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

World Court Settles a Latin Border Dispute - The Associated Press (The New York Times, 1992)
Keywords: BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL ISSUES; El Salvador; GULF OF FONSECA; Honduras; International Relations; Latin America; Nicaragua; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights; United Nations

World Court Settles a Latin Border Dispute - The Associated Press (The New York Times, 1992)
Keywords: BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL ISSUES; El Salvador; GULF OF FONSECA; Honduras; International Relations; Latin America; Nicaragua; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights; United Nations

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families - United Nations (OHCHR, 1990)
Entry into force: 1 July 2003, in accordance with article 87(1) Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Boven, Theodoor C. van (UN,, 1990)
Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : preliminary report / submitted by Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

To Remember and Forget: Archives, Memory, and Culture - Foote, Kenneth E. (The American Archivist, 1990)
The idea of archives as collective memory is sometimes employed as a metaphor for discussing the social and cultural role of archives. It is argued here that the idea is more than a metaphor and is supported by theories that would view collections of documents and material artifacts as means of extending the temporal and spatial range of communication. Archives, along with other communicational resources such as oral and ritual tradition, help to transfer information--and thereby sustain memory--from generation to generation. Two examples illustrate the interrelationship of archives and memory within this broadened view of communication and culture. The first arises from attempts to find ways to warn future generations of the location of radioactive waste repositories. The second revolves around pressure to efface from cultural landscapes evidence of tragic events that people wish to forget.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Yamoussoukro Declaration on Peace in the Minds of Men - Unesco Congress (Medicine and War, 1990)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on the Rights of the Child (OHCHR, 1989)
Entry into force: 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49 Preamble The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Public Law 100–383 - 100th Congress (1988)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Dictionary of archival terminology: English and French, with equivalents in Dutch/German/Italian/Russian and Spanish - Walne, Peter (International Council on Archives, 1988)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment - United Nations (OHCHR, 1987)
Entry into force: 26 June 1987, in accordance with article 27 (1) The States Parties to this Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power - General Assembly resolution 40/34 (OHCHR, 1985)
A. Victims of crime 1. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Nunca Más (Never Again) - Report of CONADEP (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) - 1984 - Conadep (1984)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Obstacles to the access, use and transfer of information from archives: a RAMP study - UNESCO Digital Library - Duchein, Michel (Unesco, 1983)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

L'affaire Papon - Slitinski, Michel (Editions Alain Moreau, 1983)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979 - United Nations (OHCHR, 1979)
Entry into force: 3 September 1981, in accordance with article 27(1). Introduction On 18 December 1979, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. It entered into force as an international treaty on 3 September 1981 after the twentieth country had ratified it. By the tenth anniversary of the Convention in 1989, almost one hundred nations have agreed to be bound by its provisions.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

European convention on the legal status of children born out of wedlock - Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 1978)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archives in the Ancient World - Ernst, Posner (Harvard University Press, 1972)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

American Convention on Human Rights - Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights (CIDH.OAS.org, 1969)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

United Nations: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1967)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - United Nations (OHCHR, 1966)
Entry into force: 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49 Preamble The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - United Nations (OHCHR, 1966)
Entry into force: 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27 Preamble The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages - United Nations (OHCHR, 1965)
The General Assembly, Recognizing that the family group should be strengthened because it is the basic unit of every society, and that men and women of full age have the right to marry and to found a family, that they are entitled to equal rights as to marriage and that marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses, in accordance with the provisions of article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil - Arendt, Hannah (Viking Press, 1963)
"While living in Argentina in 1960, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped and smuggled to Israel where he was put on trial for crimes against humanity. The New Yorker magazine sent Hannah Arendt to cover the trial. While covering the technical aspects of the trial, Arendt also explored the wider themes inherent in the trial, such as the nature of justice, the behavior of the Jewish leadership during the Nazi Régime, and, most controversially, the nature of Evil itself. Far from being evil incarnate, as the prosecution painted Eichmann, Arendt maintains that he was an average man, a petty bureaucrat interested only in furthering his career, and the evil he did came from the seductive power of the totalitarian state and an unthinking adherence to the Nazi cause. Indeed, Eichmann's only defense during the trial was "I was just following orders."
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages - United Nations (OHCHR, 1962)
Entry into force: 9 December 1964, in accordance with article 6 The Contracting States , Desiring, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, Recalling that article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that:
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages - United Nations (OHCHR, 1962)
Entry into force: 9 December 1964, in accordance with article 6 The Contracting States , Desiring, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, Recalling that article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that:
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on the Nationality of Married Women - United Nations (United Nations, 1957)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on the Nationality of Married Women - United Nations (United Nations, 1957)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Questions - United Nations (Yearbook of the United Nations 1948-49, 1949)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 (A/RES/194 20(III)) - United Nations (United Nations, 1948)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - United Nations (United Nations, 1948)
A milestone document in the history of human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected. It has been translated into over 500 languages.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946 - International Military Tribunal Nuremberg (International Military Tribunal Nuremberg, 1947)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Volume II - Office of the Historian (history.state.gov, 1945)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Factory at Chorzów (Merits), Judgment, 13 Sept 1928 - PCIJ Series A. No 17 (1927)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Redman's appeal for justice - Deskaheh (1923)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Labour Provisions of the Peace Treaties - International Labour Office (International Labour Office, 1920)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907. - ICRC (ihl-databases.icrc.org, 1910)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Paying for the Past: The Struggle over Reparations for Surviving Victims of the Nazi Terror by Christian Pross - Pross, Christian (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1824)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (September 1791) - De Gouges, Olympe (1791)
Marie Gouze (1748–93) was a self–educated butcher’s daughter from the south of France who, under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote pamphlets and plays on a variety of issues, including slavery, which she attacked as being founded on greed and blind prejudice. In this pamphlet she provides a declaration of the rights of women to parallel the one for men, thus criticizing the deputies for having forgotten women. She addressed the pamphlet to the Queen, Marie Antoinette, though she also warned the…
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Avalon Project - Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789 - Yale Law School (1789)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (elysee.fr, 1789)
Retrouvez l'histoire et le texte intégral de la déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, citée dans le préambule de la Constitution de la Ve République.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Access to Information: A Cornerstone of Sustainable Development, Human Rights and Environmental Resilience (United Nations)
Access to information is the bridge that allows citizens to demand justice, journalists to expose corruption, and communities to secure basic services.

Experts of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances Welcome Sri Lanka’s Law on Enforced Disappearance, Ask about Reports of Arbitrary Detentions and Intimidation of Victims’ Families (OHCHR)
Produced by the United Nations Information Service in Geneva for use of the information media; not an official record.English and French versions of our releases are different as they are the product of two separate coverage teams that work independently.

Proceedings of the XXXVII th International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (CITRA) (Comma)
Keywords: Comma 2020 1-2, Archives and Human Rights, August 2021

States must prioritise documentation in transitional justice processes: UN expert (OHCHR)
GENEVA – The Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, Bernard Duhaime, warned today that the collection, mapping, recording, preservation and archiving of information, evidence and testimonies of gross human rights violations are still an afterthought for national and international actors engaged in transitional justice processes.Duhaime urged them to ramp-up efforts in this area.

Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2792 (2025), Security Council Requests Appointment of Senior Official to Address Fate of Missing Persons in Gulf War (UN News)
The Security Council today requested the Secretary-General to appoint a Senior Representative with a mandate focused solely on efforts to repatriate or return all Kuwaiti and third-country nationals — or their remains — and to ensure the return of Kuwaiti property, including the national archives.

The RTI Rating - Global Right to Information Rating - Access Info Europe; Centre for Law and Democracy
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Macron advised to return looted African art treasures - AFP (artdaily.cc)
Experts appointed by President Emmanuel Macron will advise him on Friday to allow the return of thousands of African artworks held in French museums,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

President Akufo-Addo Challenges Ghanaian Journalists To Combat Disinformation Ahead Of 2024 Elections - Africa Press Release (Zawya.com)
President Akufo-Addo Challenges Ghanaian Journalists To Combat Disinformation Ahead Of 2024 Elections

AAAS Center for Scientific Responsibility and Justice - American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Principles Maturity Model - ARMA International (arma.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Users - AtoM wiki - Atom (accesstomemory.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bailey, Peter (univeralrights.net)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Benetech and Human Rights - Benetech (Benetech | Software for Social Good)
Over the years, Benetech has provided human rights organizations with purpose built software, as well as technology training and research. Explore some of our past projects:  JusticeAI – Ethical Artificial Intelligence for Human Rights Defenders Smartphones and other digital technology has enabled more and more people to bear witness to their own history, testifying digitally against the perpetrators of […]
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Gaza war: Israel accuses South Africa of false claims at ICJ - Berg, Raffi
Israel's lawyers push back against South Africa, which is trying to get its Rafah offensive stopped.
Keywords: Isr

Encyclopedia Britannica - Britannica
Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Towards a Human Right in Recordkeeping and Archives - Carbone, Kathy; Gilliland, Anne; Lewis, Antonina; McKemmish, Sue; Rolan, Gregory (International Conference on Information)

Nomination Form - International Memory of the World Register - Documents of Nanjing Massacre - Central Archives of China; The Second Historical Archives of China; Liaoning Provincial Archives, China; Jilin Provincial Archives, China; Shanghai Municipal Archives, China; Nanjing Municipal Archives, China; The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders (UNESCO)
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, the sciences, culture and communication. UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. Serving as a laboratory of ideas, UNESCO helps countries adopt international standards and manages programmes that foster the free flow of ideas and knowledge sharing. In this spirit, it develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of hate and intolerance. UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality education. By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, it strengthens bonds among nations. UNESCO fosters scientific programmes and policies that support development and cooperation. UNESCO stands up for freedom of expression, as a fundamental right and a key condition for democracy and development.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Accountability, Transparency and Access to Information - Claude, Roberto (International Council on Archives)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

2023 Women, Peace & Security Index - Georgetown University’s Institute for Women, Peace and Security; Security and Peace Research Institute Oslo. (Georgetown University’s Institute for Women, Peace and Security and Security and Peace Research Institute Oslo)
The 2023 edition of the global Women Peace and Security Index (WPS Index) scores and ranks 177 countries in terms of women’s inclusion, justice, and security. The WPS Index offers a tool for identifying where resources and accountability are needed most to advance women’s status - which benefits us all.
Keywords: 2023-12 December

'The sixth great extinction is happening', warns climate expert - Gill, Victoria
Conservationist Jane Goodall on the urgent need to turn the tide on climate change and nature loss.

Episode 100 - How can you protect children from violence? - Gupta-Smith, Vismita
One in 2 children in the world suffers from violence which could be sexual, emotional or physical. This includes online violence. How can you recognize signs of violence and prevent it? WHO’s Sabine Rakotomalala explains in Science in 5 this week.
Keywords: 2023-06 June

Truth commission - Hayner, Priscilla B.
truth commission, an official body established to investigate a series of human rights violations, war crimes, or other serious abuses that took place over many years. Truth commissions aim to identify the causes and consequences of abuses, which may have been committed by repressive regimes or by armed groups. They conclude with a final report, including recommendations for reform to prevent such abuses from being repeated. The first well-known truth commission, known as the National Commission on the Disappeared, was established in Argentina in 1983. Others were soon established in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere in Latin America. It was not
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Power for the People: Art, Protest, and the Archives of Activism - Henry Moore Foundation (Henry Moore Foundation)
Call for participation: we invite proposals which look at archives and art practices which centre or challenge the notion of sculpture as protest, or protest as sculpture, both nationally and internationally.

Patrick Ball, PhD - Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG - Human Rights Data Analysis Group)
Patrick Ball has spent thirty years doing quantitative analysis for truth commissions, non-governmental organizations, international criminal tribunals, and United Nations missions. His work has been conducted in El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa, Chad, Sri Lanka, East Timor, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Kosovo, Liberia, Perú, ...
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Education Associates - Human Rights Education Associates (Human Rights Education Associates)
Human Rights Education AssociatesThe Global Human Rights Education & Training CentreABOUT USTraining & E-LearningLearning for Human RightsLEARN MORENew Courses in 2023Learning with HREA OnlineREGISTER HEREHuman Rights Education AssociatesThe Global Human Rights Education & Training CentreABOUT USOnline HRE LibraryA repository of Human Rights Education & Training MaterialsSEARCH HERE Previous Next 0 Years of Endeavor 0 People […]
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Mozambique: Child Soldiers Used in Raid on Northern Town | Human Rights Watch - Human Rights Watch
An armed group linked to the Islamic State (ISIS) in northern Mozambique used boys as young as 13 to raid and loot the town of Macomia, in Cabo Delgado province, on May 10, 2024.

IFLA-ICA Statement on Privacy Legislation and Archiving - IFLA-ICA
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man - Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH.OAS.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

About CITRA - International Council on Archives (International Council on Archives)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archives are Accessible - Search the Map - International Council on Archives (International Council on Archives)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Conference ICA Adelaide 2019 - International Council on Archives (ica.org)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Archives and Records are Accessible - International Council on Archives (International Council on Archives)
Please click the link to complete this form.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Who is an archivist? - International Council on Archives
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Al Mahdi Case - The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi ICC-01/12-01/15 - International Criminal Court (International Criminal Court)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Mr Al Hassan sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment - International Criminal Court
Today, 20 November 2024, Trial Chamber X of the International Criminal Court ("ICC" or "Court") sentenced Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud to 10 years of imprisonment following the Trial Judgment in which the Chamber found him guilty of some of the charges brought against him of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed between early May 2012 and 29 January 2013 in Timbuktu, northern Mali. The sentence may be appealed before the ICC Appeals Chamber by either party to the proceedings.

Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects the State of Israel’s challenges to jurisdiction and issues warrants of arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant - International Criminal Court
Today, on 21 November 2024, Pre-Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (‘Court’), in its composition for the Situation in the State of Palestine, unanimously issued two decisions rejecting challenges by the State of Israel (‘Israel’) brought under articles 18 and 19 of the Rome Statute (the ‘Statute’). It also issued warrants of arrest for Mr Benjamin Netanyahu and Mr Yoav Gallant. Decisions on requests by the State of Israel

Statement by the Presidency of the Assembly of States Parties in support of the independence and impartiality of the International Criminal Court | International Criminal Court - International Criminal Court (ICC)
The Presidency of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute expresses concern over the recent public statements related to an ongoing International Criminal Court investigation in the situation in the State of Palestine.

International Institute of Social History - International Institute of Social History
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Nigeria mass wedding for 100 orphans sparks outcry - Jolaoso, Simi (BBC)
Nigeria's women's minister says she has filed a court order to stop the ceremony planned for next week.
Keywords: Children's Rights

Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A. A. Khan KC, to the United Nations Security Council - Khan KC, Karim A.A
Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A. A. Khan KC, to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Libya, pursuant to Resolution 1970 (2011)

Artist’s plastic sculpture at UN urges delegates to act on pollution - McDERMOTT, Jennifer (euronews)
An evolving sculpture built from waste confronts negotiators as talks on a landmark plastic continue.

Resetting Relationships: Archives and Indigenous Human Rights in Australia - McKemmish, Sue; Iacovino, Livia; Ketelaar, Eric; Castan, Melissa; Russell, Lynette (Archives and Manuscripts)
This paper provides an analysis of the Indigenous human rights agenda and identifies its relevance to Australian archivists.1 Based on this analysis and exploration of how far existing archival programs address archives-related Indigenous human rights issues, it presents a road map and action agenda for realising Indigenous cultural rights in records and archives, and embedding Indigenous human rights in the professional responsibilities, culture and practices of the Australian archival and records community. The analysis, road map and action agenda provide guidance for the Australian archival and records community working in partnership with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The paper is based in part on the findings of the 2004-08 Trust and Technology Project, a collaborative research partnership funded by the Australian Research Council and involving Public Record Office Victoria, Koorie Heritage Trust Inc., Koorie Records Task Force, the Indigenous Issues Special Interest Group of the Australian Society of Archivists, and Monash University. It also draws on analysis and synthesis of the main themes and issues presented and discussed at a pre-conference workshop at the 2010 Australian Society of Archivists Conference in Melbourne, Archives and Indigenous Human Rights (AIHR): Towards an understanding of the archival and recordkeeping implications of Australian and international human rights for Indigenous Australians.2 The paper also references relevant sections of an Australian guide to implementing the 2007 United Nations (UN) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recently issued by the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC).3 Implementation of an Indigenous human rights action agenda by the Australian archival community would represent a fitting response to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner Mick Gooda's rallying call for a resetting of relationships between archival and Indigenous communities, involving the active participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in archive and recordkeeping systems.

TRC Website - National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR.ca)
The TRC website has been archived using the Wayback Machine software. You can view the archived version by clicking here. The Wayback Machine is an archive system for websites. The archived TRC website will work like a normal website, however, it is not being maintained with current information. The Wayback Machine banner will appear at
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

S. Africa: The Information Regulator & Independent Electoral Commission form partnership to curb the spread of misinformation & disinformation in the run-up to the election - Ndlovu, Nkosinathi (Business & Human Rights Resource Centre)

The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 - Nobelprize.org (NobelPrize.org)
The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 was awarded jointly to Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad "for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Accountability for Enforced Disappearances in Sri Lanka - OHCHR report - OHCHR (OHCHR)

National action plans on business and human rights - OHCHR (OHCHR)
The UN Working Group strongly encourages all States to develop, enact and update periodically a national action plan on business and human rights. Such plans are part of the responsibility of States to disseminate and implement the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

OHCHR | Calls for Input - OHCHR (OHCHR)

Our Purpose - Outright International - Outright International (outrightinternational.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid - overcomingapartheid.msu.edu
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Home - Parliament of Australia - Parliament of Australia (corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra, ACT, 2600; contact=+61 2 6277 7111)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Trudy Huskamp Peterson - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (Trudy Huskamp Peterson)
Access to Archives Empowers People
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

International Property Rights Index 2022 - Property Rights Alliance (Property Rights Alliance)
As the world faces multiple mounting crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine War, and the severe e...
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

A toolbox to deal with misinformation in disaster risk management - Rosa Vicari (The Living Library)
Misinformation significantly challenges disaster risk management by increasing risks and complicating response efforts.

The Schengen Agreement - Schengenvisa (SchengenVisaInfo.com)
The Schengen Agreement signed on June 14, 1985, is a treaty that led most of the European countries towards the abolishment of their national borders, to build a Europe without borders known as the “Schengen Area”.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Tutu and his role in the Truth & Reconciliation Commission | South African History Online - South African History Online: Towards a People’s History (sahistory.org.za)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Right to Protest: the exhibition navigating counter-culture through archival activist design - Sudi Jama (It's Nice That)
With a collection dating back to the 1960s, the Museum of UnRest is displaying it’s archive of iconic screen-printed posters, marking the struggle against climate breakdown, the cost of living crisis, housing shortage, and more.

Archives & Dealing with the Past - Swisspeace (Archives and Dealing with the Past)
The project Archives and Dealing with the Past provides support to actors in the field of transitional justice and dealing with the past related to the protection, preservation, and management of human rights archives.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Public invitation to comment: Draft guidance note for national mechanisms for missing and disappeared persons on the coordination between the search and criminal investigations - swisspeace

Safe Havens for Archives at Risk Initiative - swisspeace.ch (swisspeace.ch)
In the framework of the Mandate “Archives and Dealing with the Past” by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA), swisspeace initiated a policy debate on the topic of Safe Havens for Archives at Risk in 2015. This process resulted in the development and the endorsement of Guiding Principles for Safe Havens for Archives at Risk by the International Council on Archives (ICA) in autumn 2018. The work of the international working group “Safe Havens for Archives at Risk” is still ongoing and in September 2019, it was transformed into an Advisory Committee for Safe Havens for Archives at Risk.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Swiss Peace - swisspeace.ch (swisspeace)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - The Dag Hammarskjold Library of the United Nations (United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld Library)
An Historical Record of the Drafting Process of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights The Drafting Committee on an International Bill of Human Right was established by the Commission on Human Rights. Its members were Eleanor Roosevelt, Pen-Chun Chang, Charles Malik, John Humphrey, William Hodgson, Hernán Santa Cruz, René Cassin, Alexander
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling Up Investment Plan 2015-2024 - The World Bank (World Bank)
Global Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Scaling Up Investment Plan 2015-2024
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

U.H.Rights Law - U.H.Rights Law (U.H.Rights)
The most generally accepted way of classifying these rights is by distinguishing “first, second, and third generation” rights, so we will go that way for now, although we will soon see that this classification can be applied with reservations, and sometimes simply misleading.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Women’s Land & Property Rights - UN Women (UN Women – Asia-Pacific)
In many countries around the world, women’s property rights are limited by social norms, customs and legislation hampering their economic status and opportunities to overcome poverty. Even in countrie
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Right to Information - Unesco (Unesco)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements: From the report of Habitat - United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, Canada, 31 May to 11 June 1976 | UN-Habitat - UNHabitat (unhabitat.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Birth registration - Unicef (UNICEF DATA)
Society first acknowledges a child’s existence and identity through birth registration. The right to be recognized as a person before the law is a critical step in ensuring lifelong protection and is a prerequisite for exercising all other rights. Yet the births of one fourth of children under age 5 worldwide have never been officially recorded. A dedicated target (16.9) under Goal 16 of the SDGs aims to provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, by 2030. Functioning civil registration systems are the main vehicles through which a legal identity for all – and target 16.9 – can be achieved. Such systems produce vital statistics, including those on birth registration, which are foundational for achieving sustained human and economic development. While most countries have mechanisms in place for registering births, systematic recording remains a serious challenge, highlighting the urgent need to improve and strengthen civil registration and vital statistics. By providing all children with proof of legal identity from day one, their rights can be protected and universal access to social services can be enabled. If we are to fulfill our promise to leave no one behind, we must ensure that every child is registered at birth and receives a passport to lifelong protection – a birth certificate.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

General Comment on the right to recognition as a person before the law in the context of enforced disappearances - United Nations (OHCHR)
The General Assembly , Considering that , in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and other international instruments, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General - United Nations (United Nations Treaty Collection)
This is the United Nations Treaty Collection homepage. Here you will find related information and links.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery - United Nations (OHCHR)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Special Rapporteur on the right to education - United Nations (OHCHR)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The United Nations and Decolonization - United Nations (United Nations)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

UN Web TV - United Nations (media.un.org)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Sustainable Development Goals 2015 – 2030 - United Nations Association of Philadelphia (United Nations Association of Philadelphia)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression - United Nations Human Rights (OHCHR)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances - United Nations Human Rights (OHCHR)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Where we operate - United Nations Peacekeeping (United Nations Peacekeeping)
How to use the map: To select a mission, click on the pin/marker on the map; you will see a slide of the mission at the right side of the map, which has a link (“Go to the mission fact sheet”) directing you to the mission fact sheet. To view each mission fact sheet in the big circle with the number ‘4’ on it, click on the circle. The map will zoom in to show all four missions.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

'Adult crime, adult time' - Row as Australian territory locks up 10-year-olds again - Watson, Katy
Most children jailed in the Northern Territory are Aboriginal, and the new government is reducing the age that can happen.
Keywords: Indigenous Australians