Application of ISAD(G) for Human Rights Archives. - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp; Human Rights working group (International Council on Archives. Conseil International des Archives., 2012)

Silence, Accessibility, and Reading Against the Grain: Examining Voices of the Marginalized in the India Office Records - Sowry, Nathan (InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2012)
This paper deals with issues of power and silencing of the “Other” within colonial archives, particularly regarding British East India Company records of an attempted mutiny of Bengali sepoys and Javanese aristocrats in 1815, now housed in the India Office Records of the British Library. It recommends incorporating a postcolonial approach and reading records against the grain in order to recover these marginalized voices. The body of this paper is broken into three sections. The first section introduces the historical context of the attempted mutiny, questions the incomplete nature of archival and colonial records, and discusses the archivist’s responsibility to present as complete a record as possible. The second section discusses the introduction and importance of postmodern theory to the archival field. Particularly significant are arguments by practicing archivists who advocate reading records against the grain to recover voices of the marginalized, how this can be incorporated into archival practice, and the ensuing difficulties which may emerge. Finally, the third section discusses problems of access to colonial records such as those held in the India Office Records, and how the practices of digitization, international cooperation and preservation, and reading records against the grain are able to produce a plurality of voices.
Keywords: A&DwP website

The potential and challenges of open data for crisis information management and aid efficiency - Stauffacher, Daniel; Hattotuwa, Sanjana; Weekes, Barbara (ICT for Peace Foundation, 2012)
Keywords: A&DwP website

A Conceptual Framework for Dealing with the Past - Holism in Principle and Practice - Swisspeace (Swisspeace, 2012)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Observers Observed: An Anthropologist under Surveillance - Verdery, Katherine (Anthropology Now, 2012)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

A Rising Tide: The Implications of Climate Change Inundation for Human Rights and State Sovereignty - Willcox, Susannah (Essex Human Rights Review, 2012)
Climate change has adverse implications for a wide range of human rights. Low-lying, socio-economically disadvantaged small island developing states are among those most vulnerable to climate change harms – including rising sea levels and extreme weather events – which threaten the habitability of their territory and the enjoyment of basic human rights, including the right to self-determination. Customary international law and international human rights law establish extraterritorial obligations with regard to the fulfilment of those economic, social, cultural and collective rights threatened by climate change inundation. However, the international legal framework has been constructed around a system of legal and political governance that is premised on state sovereignty and designed to mediate the vertical relationship between state and citizen. The disappearance of a low-lying small island state without an immediate successor has serious implications for statehood, sovereignty, self-determination and the protection of basic human rights. While this does not necessarily entail the abandonment of the human rights project as a response to climate change harms, it does require a re-conceptualisation of the existing human rights framework. The human rights regime must embrace forward-looking, trans-boundary mechanisms of monitoring and protection that no longer rely on the state as the central domain of moral concern, or risk becoming obsolete.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Alexei Navalny, Russia's most vociferous Putin critic - BBC News (BBC News, 2011)
Russian anti-corruption campaigner Alexei Navalny was the main opposition threat to the Kremlin.

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-12 (December) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

The Archive in the Witness: Documentation in Settings of Chronic Insecurity - Riaño-Alcalá, Pilar; Baines, Erin (International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2011)
Abstract1. Through an exchange between members of community-based organizations that document human rights violations in northwest Colombia and northern Uganda

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-11 (November) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

ICA Human Rights Archives Directory - HRWG ICA (Human Rights Working Group - International Council on Archives) (Archivists Watch, 2011)
For some years now, the ICA Human Rights Working Group (HRWG) has been trying to establish a directory of human rights archives from around the globe.  This summer, I began volunteering with the IC…
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

solution adopted by the Human Rights Council - 18/7 Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence - Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

History - The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany (Claims Conference, 2011)
A history of the Claims Conference since its founding in 1951 and the formation of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-10 (October) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

Saudi king gives women right to vote - Alsharif, Asma (Reuters, 2011)
Saudi Arabia's king announced on Sunday women would be given the right to vote and stand in elections, a bold shift in the ultra-conservative absolute monarchy as pressure for social and democratic reform sweeps the Middle East.
Keywords: KING; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights; SAUDI; US; WOMEN

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-09 (September) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-08 (August) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

Appendix A to Part 74 - Declarations of Eligibility by Persons Identified by the Office of Redress Administration and Requests for Documentation - Code of Federal Regulations (govinfo.gov, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-07 (July) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-06 (June) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

Property Lost in Holocaust Is Cataloged Online - Kershner, Isabel (The New York Times, 2011)
The database, listing more than half a million pieces of property, is part of a new project, financed by the Israeli government, to harness technology in the struggle for restitution.
Keywords: Computers and the Internet; Holocaust and the Nazi Era; Israel; Jewish Agency for Israel; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights; Reparations and Restitution

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-05 (May) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-04 (April) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

Report of the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises - Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework - Ruggie, John (United Nations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Toward an understanding of archives as a feature of collective memory - Josias, Anthea (Archival Science, 2011)
This paper reviews important aspects of the literature on collective memory, how some of these concerns have been expressed in archives, and contemplates how these issues relate to the politically transformative South African post-apartheid context. It highlights the erosion of boundaries between archives, museums, and other less-institutionalized memory projects in post-apartheid South Africa. It notes ways in which archival activity is taking place outside of traditional archives, as part of a changing and evolving memory landscape. It acknowledges the significant gaps in the written record that are a result of apartheid practices and cites different approaches that were overlooked by apartheid’s official archival systems. This paper offers a way of contemplating the ‘social constructedness’ of collective memory and the social and political dimensions of archives.
Keywords: Collective memory; Personal testimonies; Political transformation; Politics of memory; Social memory; South Africa

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-03 (March) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-02 (February) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

Secrets and Files: Access to Archives in Italy from WWII to the Present - Barrera, Giulia (Acervo. Revista do Arquivo Nacional, 2011)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2011-01 (January) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2011)

De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions - Bingham, Laura; Harrington Reddy, Julia; Köhn, Sebastian (Open Society Foundations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions - Bingham, Laura; Harrington Reddy, Julia; Köhn, Sebastian (Open Society Foundations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

NARRATIVES AND BILATERAL RELATIONS: RETHINKING THE “HISTORY ISSUE” IN SINO- JAPANESE RELATIONS - Gustafsson, Karl (Stockholm University, 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen - Lauren, Paul Gordon (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011)
This widely acclaimed and highly regarded book, used extensively by students, scholars, policymakers, and activists, now appears in a new third edition. Focusing on the theme of visions seen by those who dreamed of what might be, Lauren explores the dramatic transformation of a world patterned by centuries of human rights abuses into a global community that now boldly proclaims that the way governments treat their own people is a matter of international concern-and sets the goal of human rights "for all peoples and all nations." He reveals the truly universal nature of this movement, places contemporary events within their broader historical contexts, and explains the relationship between individual cases and larger issues of human rights with insight. This new edition incorporates material from recently declassified documents and the most recent scholarship relating to the creation of the new Human Rights Council and its Universal Periodic Review, the International Criminal Court, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), terrorism and torture, the impact of globalization and modern technology, and activists in NGOs devoted to human rights. It provides perceptive assessments of the process of change, the power of visions and visionaries, politics and political will, and the evolving meanings of sovereignty, security, and human rights themselves.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Political Effects: Trust in Government - Roman, David (Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland., 2011)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

History textbooks and the wars in Asia: divided memories - Shin, Gi-Wook; Sneider, Daniel C. (Routledge contemporary Asia series, 2011)
Keywords: 20th century; East Asia; Historiography; History, Military Historiography; History, Military Study and teaching (Secondary); History, Military Textbooks; Nationalism and education; Nationalism and historiography; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social aspects

Admissibility of electronic documentation as evidence in U.S. courts - Thomson, Lucy L (Human Rights Electronic Evidence Study, Center for Research Libraries, 2011)

Network of information and counter information on the military regime in Brazil (1964-1985) - Unesco (UNESCO, 2011)
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, the sciences, culture and communication. UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. Serving as a laboratory of ideas, UNESCO helps countries adopt international standards and manages programmes that foster the free flow of ideas and knowledge sharing. In this spirit, it develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of hate and intolerance. UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality education. By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, it strengthens bonds among nations. UNESCO fosters scientific programmes and policies that support development and cooperation. UNESCO stands up for freedom of expression, as a fundamental right and a key condition for democracy and development.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework - United Nations Human Rights (United Nations, 2011)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944–1948 - Van De Grift, Liesbeth (Lexington Books, 2011)
From Berlin to Bucharest, from Warsaw to Sofia, Soviet tanks crossed national borders across East Central Europe at the end of the Second World War. The arrival of the Red Army marked an important turn in history. Within only a few years, the often unpopular communist parties developed into political organizations with mass followings. They managed to seize power, eliminate political opposition to their rule, and purge the state apparatus of undesirable personnel. In Securing the Communist State, Liesbeth van de Grift provides a new understanding of these organizations using recently disclosed material from the communist archives in Berlin and Bucharest. She reveals how these communist parties gained control over the security apparatus after 1945 in East Central Europe from a transitional justice perspective, focusing on purges and personnel policies. This book shows that the personal break after 1945 was not as radical as is often thought.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance - OHCHR (2010)
Entry into force: 23 December 2010, in accordance with article 39(1) which reads as follows: “This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.”. Preamble The States Parties to this Convention,
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance - United Nations (OHCHR, 2010)
Entry into force: 23 December 2010, in accordance with article 39(1) which reads as follows: “This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.”. Preamble The States Parties to this Convention,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-12 (December) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-11 (November) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-10 (October) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Justice without Lawyers - Clark, Phil (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
This is a timely empirical study and review of the Gacaca Courts which were established in 2001 in Rwanda as an attempt to prosecute suspects involved in the 1994 genocide. Based on the author's original field work which began in 2003 in Rwanda and which has been updated to the end of 2009, it includes responses from within the Rwandan population. Dr. Clark argues that, despite widespread international scepticism, the Gacaca process has achieved remarkable results in terms of justice and reconciliation, although this has often come at a price, especially the re-traumatisation of many Rwandans who have participated firsthand in hearings. This book will appeal to a wide global readership crossing human rights, transitional justice and African studies for its combination of original empirical data with a socio-legal analysis.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Nuremberg Laws - Dferriero (National Archives, 2010)
Last Wednesday, I visited the Huntington Library in California to receive the original Nuremberg Laws on behalf of the U.S. Government. The laws were signed by Adolf Hitler and issued by the Third …
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Universal Declaration on Archives - International Council on Archives (2010)
Adopted at the General Assembly of ICA Oslo, September 2010. Endorsed by the 36th Session of the General Conference of UNESCO on 10th November 2011.

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-09 (September) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions - Hayner, Priscilla B. (Routledge, 2010)
In a sweeping review of forty truth commissions, Priscilla Hayner delivers a definitive exploration of the global experience in official truth-seeking after widespread atrocities. When Unspeakable Truths was first published in 2001, it quickly became a classic, helping to define the field of truth commissions and the broader arena of transitional justice. This second edition is fully updated and expanded, covering twenty new commissions formed in the last ten years, analyzing new trends, and offering detailed charts that assess the impact of truth commissions and provide comparative information not previously available.Placing the increasing number of truth commissions within the broader expansion in transitional justice, Unspeakable Truths surveys key developments and new thinking in reparations, international justice, healing from trauma, and other areas. The book challenges many widely-held assumptions, based on hundreds of interviews and a sweeping review of the literature. This book will help to define how these issues are addressed in the future.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-08 (August) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Can labour officials seize records from your office? - Mugo, Jacqueline (Business Daily, 2010)
When can employment records be seized? Some employers have complained of labour officials asking them to submit these records to their offices for inspection.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-07 (July) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the communist past - Stan, Lavinia (Routledge, 2010)
During the last two decades, the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have attempted to address the numerous human rights abuses that characterized the decades of communist rule. This book examines the main processes of transitional justice that permitted societies in those countries to come to terms with their recent past. It explores lustration, the banning of communist officials and secret political police officers and informers from post-communist politic, ordinary citizens’ access to the remaining archives compiled on them by the communist secret police, as well as trials and court proceedings launched against former communist officials and secret agents for their human rights trespasses. Individual chapters explore the progress of transitional justice in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Slovenia and the successor states of the former Soviet Union. The chapters explain why different countries have employed different models to come to terms with their communist past; assess each country’s relative successes and failures; and probe the efficacy of country-specific legislation to attain the transitional justice goals for which it was developed. The book draws together the country cases into a comprehensive comparative analysis of the determinants of post-communist transitional justice, that will be relevant not only to scholars of post-communist transition, but also to anyone interested in transitional justice in other contexts.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-06 (June) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Expert Meeting - The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law - Summary Conclusions - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (United Nations, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Expert Meeting - The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law - Summary Conclusions - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (United Nations, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Returning Evidence to the Scene of the Crime: Why the Anfal Files Should be Repatriated to Iraqi Kurdistan - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 2010)
On 22 April 2008, five years after the American invasion of Iraq, the Society of American Archivists (SAA) and the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA) issued a joint statement calling for American authorities to repatriate millions of captured intelligence documents and intervene with the “government of Kurdistan” to return the Iraqi Anfal files to the Iraq National Library and Archive in Baghdad. The Anfal files, which chronicle Iraq’s genocide against the Kurds during the mid- to late-1980s, were captured by Kurdish peshmerga in the March 1991 uprisings following the first Gulf War. They were transferred to the United States for safe storage and analysis for human rights crimes with the understanding that the documents were Kurdish property. The SAA and ACA based their statement on the archival principle of the inalienability of national records, a concept that claims that the alienation of national records can only occur through a legislative act of the state. This principle of inalienability, however, is incompatible with the laws of war that allow for the capture of state records during hostilities, conflicts with the international legal regime of human rights regarding the restitution of state security files to a repressive regime that may reuse them, and contradicts the original agreement between American and Kurdish authorities governing ownership of the Anfal files. Indeed, with the growing appearance of a new Iraqi repressive regime – with one faction ruling at the expense of the others – there is considerable danger in repatriating the Anfal files and Hussein’s archive of atrocity to the ruling theocrats in Baghdad before political reconciliation takes root. Reasons of historical patrimony and provenance also argue for the return of the Anfal documents to Iraqi Kurdistan. RÉSUMÉ Le 22 avril 2008, cinq ans après l’invasion américaine de l’Iraq, la Society of American Archivists (SAA) et l’Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA) ont émis une déclaration commune demandant aux autorités américaines de rapatrier les millions de documents du renseignement saisis et d’intervenir auprès du « gouvernement du Kurdistan » afin de retourner les dossiers de l’Anfal iraquien à la Iraq National Library and Archive, à Bagdad. Les dossiers de l’Anfal, qui documentent le génocide iraquien des Kurdes durant la deuxième moitié des années 1980, avaient été saisis par les peshmergas kurdes pendant les insurrections de mars 1991 suite à la première guerre du Golfe. Ils ont été transférés aux États-Unis pour entreposage sécuritaire et pour les analyses dans l’optique des crimes contre l’humanité, tout en demeurant propriété kurde. La SAA et l’ACA ont basé leur déclaration sur le principe archivistique de l’inaliénabilité des documents nationaux, concept qui affirme que l’aliénation des documents nationaux ne peut se faire que par un acte législatif de l’état. Ce principe de l’inaliénabilité, cependant, est incompatible avec les lois de la guerre qui permettent la saisie de documents d’état pendant les hostilités; il entre en conflit avec le régime légal international en matière de droits humains au sujet de la restitution des dossiers de sécurité d’état à un régime répressif qui pourrait s’en servir à nouveau; et il contredit l’entente d’origine entre les autorités américaines et kurdes au sujet du droit de propriété des dossiers de l’Anfal. En effet, étant donné l’apparence montée d’un nouveau régime répressif en Iraq – avec une faction qui gouverne au détriment des autres – il y a un danger considérable de rapatrier les dossiers de l’Anfal et les archives des atrocités d’Hussein aux théocrates au pouvoir en Iraq avant qu’aucune réconciliation politique n’ait pu s’enraciner. Les notions de patrimoine historique et de provenance encouragent aussi le retour des documents de l’Anfal au Kurdistan iraquien.

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-05 (May) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Austerlitz - Sebald, W.G. (Penguin, 2010)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Emergence of Memory: Conversations with W. G. Sebald - Sebald, W. G. (Seven Stories Press, 2010)
When German author W. G. Sebald died in a car accident at the age of fifty-seven, the literary world mourned the loss of a writer whose oeuvre it was just beginning to appreciate. Through published interviews with and essays on Sebald, award-winning translator and author Lynne Sharon Schwartz offers a profound portrait of the writer, who has been praised posthumously for his unflinching explorations of historical cruelty, memory, and dislocation. With contributions from poet, essayist, and translator Charles Simic, New Republic editor Ruth Franklin, Bookworm radio host Michael Silverblatt, and more, The Emergence of Memory offers Sebald’s own voice in interviews between 1997 up to a month before his death in 2001. Also included are cogent accounts of almost all of Sebald’s books, thematically linked to events in the contributors’ own lives.Contributors include Carole Angier, Joseph Cuomo, Ruth Franklin, Michael Hofmann, Arthur Lubow, Tim Parks, Michael Silverblatt, Charles Simic, and Eleanor Wachtel.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-04 (April) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Open letter to Spanish judiciary authorities in solidarity with Justice Baltasar Garzón - Human Rights Defenders (International Federation for Human Rights, 2010)
Judges of the Supreme Court, Criminal chamber General Prosecutor of the State Cándido Conde-Pumpido Tourón As jurists, lawyers, judges, academics (...)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics - Lind, Jennifer (Cornell University Press, 2010)
Governments increasingly offer or demand apologies for past human rights abuses, and it is widely believed that such expressions of contrition are necessary to promote reconciliation between former adversaries. The post-World War II experiences of Japan and Germany suggest that international apologies have powerful healing effects when they are offered, and poisonous effects when withheld. West Germany made extensive efforts to atone for wartime crimes-formal apologies, monuments to victims of the Nazis, and candid history textbooks; Bonn successfully reconciled with its wartime enemies. By contrast, Tokyo has made few and unsatisfying apologies and approves school textbooks that whitewash wartime atrocities. Japanese leaders worship at the Yasukuni Shrine, which honors war criminals among Japan's war dead. Relations between Japan and its neighbors remain tense.Examining the cases of South Korean relations with Japan and of French relations with Germany, Jennifer Lind demonstrates that denials of past atrocities fuel distrust and inhibit international reconciliation. In Sorry States, she argues that a country's acknowledgment of past misdeeds is essential for promoting trust and reconciliation after war. However, Lind challenges the conventional wisdom by showing that many countries have been able to reconcile without much in the way of apologies or reparations. Contrition can be highly controversial and is likely to cause a domestic backlash that alarms?rather than assuages?outside observers. Apologies and other such polarizing gestures are thus unlikely to soothe relations after conflict, Lind finds, and remembrance that is less accusatory-conducted bilaterally or in multilateral settings-holds the most promise for international reconciliation.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-03 (March) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

State Coordinated Violence in Chad under Hissène Habré - Silva, Romesh; Klingner, Jeff; Weikart, Scott (Human Rights Data Analysis Group, 2010)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ISO/TS 21547:2010 - Health informatics — Security requirements for archiving of electronic health records — Principles - ISO (ISO, 2010)
Health informatics — Security requirements for archiving of electronic health records — Principles
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-02 (February) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Unearthed: journal gives eye witness account of slavery - The Herald (HeraldScotland, 2010)
The account in the Scottish Catholic Archives underlines the complexity of Victorian attitudes towards race and slavery, hard on the heels of the historian Professor Tom Devine of Edinburgh University arguing that Scots have been guilty of collective amnesia over our involvement in slavery.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Women's Rights in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) - International Federation for Human Rights (International Federation for Human Rights, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2010-01 (January) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2010)

Archivos y derechos humanos en América. La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - Arias, Virginia (Comma, 2010)

Of condors and judges: Archival musings over a judicial investigation - Barrera, Giulia (Archival Science, 2010)
(2010) Barrera. Archival Science. Abstract The paper discusses some archival issues that emerged during a judicial investigation carried out by the Prosecutor’s Office\nof Rome (Italy) regarding h...

Los Archivos de Derechos Humanos en Perú - Cruz, Ruth (Comma, 2010)

Annual report of the Inter-American commission on human rights 2009. Report of the special rapporteur for freedom of expression. - Marino, Catalina Botero (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

JFS Brochure - N.C. Justice for Sterilization (N.C. Justice for Sterilization, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archives against Amnesia - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (Politorbis., 2010)

Sites of Conscience: New Approaches to Conflicted Memory - Ševčenko, Liz (Museum International, 2010)
For better or for worse, heritage is a key terrain on which societal conflicts are expressed. Instead of treating conflict over heritage sites defensively, shielding them from attack, we can take proactive steps to offer heritage sites as resources for addressing contested social questions. This article explores strategies used around the world by ‘Sites of Conscience’– heritage sites that foster dialogue on contemporary issues – to help communities to confront the questions that divide them.

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities - United Nations Human Rights (United Nations, 2010)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

News from the ICA Human Rights Working Group - 2009-12 (December) - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (ICA, 2009)

Memory, records, history: the Records of the Commission for Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation in Timor-Leste - Nannelli, Elizabeth (Archival Science, 2009)
This paper examines the implications of the context of creation on the current and potential future uses of the records produced by the Comissao de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliacao de Timor-Leste (Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation, or CAVR). Given that the CAVR relied heavily on the testimony of the East Timorese people in its investigations that addressed a 25-year period, this paper considers the nature of memory and the role it played in creating and shaping the CAVR records. It also addresses the potential influences of the CAVR records, particularly the final report, Chega!, in shaping what will be known about this period by the Timorese people. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential role of the CAVR records in contributing to the history of Timor-Leste. Although truth commissions are a problematic form of truth telling, with significant implications for the writing of history, the records of the CAVR are an invaluable source of information for Timorese history. If future users can recognize the CAVR records as the products of the context of their creation, these records will have a critical role to play in the development of history within Timor-Leste.
Keywords: Memory; Records; Timor-Leste; Truth commissions

Right to the truth - Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - Human Rights Council (United Nations, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The security challenge in conflict-prone countries - Collier, Paul; Chauvet, Lisa; Hegre, Håvard; Elbadawi, Ibrahim A.; Mack, Andrew (Global Crises, Global Solutions, 2009)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Accounting and reconciling in the balance sheet of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission - Rousseau, Nicky; Fullard, Madeleine (Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2009)
A body of critical academic literature has characterized the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a nation-building enterprise with reconciliation as its core. Although this literature is especially influential within South African scholarship, the association of the TRC with reconciliation has become a far wider orthodoxy. An engagement with the full range of the TRC's hearings, its institutional practice and its seven-volume report demonstrates a more contested perspective, involving a wider range of actors, and contending directions, most notably a drive to establish accountability for human rights’ abuse.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission; accountability and human rights' abuse; nation-building; reconciliation; transitional justice; truth commissions

Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents - Council of Europe Treaty Series - No.205 - Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2009)
This Convention is the first binding international legal instrument to recognise a general right of access to official documents held by public authorities. Transparency of public authorities is a key feature of good governance and an indicator of whether or not a society is genuinely democratic and pluralist. The right of access to official documents is also essential to the self-development of people and to the exercise of fundamental human rights. It also strengthens public authorities’ legitimacy in the eyes of the public, and its confidence in them. This Convention lays down a right of access to official documents. Limitations on this right are only permitted in order to protect certain interests like national security, defence or privacy. The Convention sets forth the minimum standards to be applied in the processing of requests for access to official documents (forms of and charges for access to official documents), review procedure and complementary measures and it has the flexibility required to allow national laws to build on this foundation and provide even greater access to official documents. A Group of Specialists on Access to Official Documents will monitor the i implementation of this Convention by the Parties.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The advance of universal justice - Ollé Sesé, Manuel (International Federation for Human Rights, 2009)
The road map for limiting the practice of universal justice in Spain is a sad reality. The Spanish Congress has just approved a proposal to reduce universal justice to cases where the people presumed responsible are on Spanish soil or there are Spanish victims, and either way, only when an international court or the country where the crime was committed are not
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Late lustration programmes in Romania and Poland: supporting or undermining democratic transitions? - Horne, Cynthia M. (Democratization, 2009)
In 2006, Poland and Romania embarked on renewed lustration programmes. These late lustration policies expanded the scope and transparency measures associated with lustration as a form of transitional justice. While early lustration measures targeted political elites, late lustration policies include public and private sector positions, such as journalists, academics, business leaders, and others in ‘positions of public trust’. Given the legal controversy and moral complexity surrounding lustration, why lustrate so late in the post-communist transition and why expand the policies? The dominant explanation is that lustration is a tool of party politics and is a threat to democratic consolidation. However, the late lustration programmes do not fit this hypothesis neatly. The new laws have been restructured and packaged with other reform programmes, specifically anticorruption programmes. Late lustration has evolved to include economic and social, as well as political concerns. As such, some post-communist governments in Central and Eastern Europe appear to be trying to use lustration as a way to further the democratic transitions by addressing remaining public concerns about corruption, distrust, and inequality.
Keywords: Poland; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Romania; anticorruption; elites; lustration; transition; transitional justice

From Polders to Postmodernism: A Concise History of Archival Theory - Ridener, John; Cook, Terry (Litwin Books, 2009)
From Polders to Postmodernism is a broad ranging history of the conception and development of the theories that have guided archivists in their work from the late 19th through the early 21st centuries. Narrated through the controversial thread of archival appraisal theory, the book examines how archivists have engaged with theory through the tension between keeping records that reflect objective history "as it happened" and subjective decision making in the archive. Through an interpretive reading of archival theory, distinct periods emerge, with each paradigm contributing unique responses to difficult archival, historical, and theoretical contexts.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Truth Commissions in Post-Communism: The Overlooked Solution? - Stan, Lavinia (The Open Political Science Journal, 2009)
Despite their increased popularity in Latin America, Africa and Asia, truth commissions have remained an overlooked solution to coming to terms with the recent human rights abuses perpetrated in communist Europe. Since the start of the democratization process in the early 1990s, only Germany, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and Romania have employed truth commissions as methods to reckon with communist crimes. These five commissions share important similarities and differences in terms of their organizational structure, goals, activity, and efficacy. The scarcity of truth commissions in post-communist Europe is explained by the nature of communist repression, the legitimacy of the communist regime as a home-grown versus an externally-imposed political set of institutions and practices, and the use of lustration and access to secret files as methods to obtain truth, justice and reconciliation in posttotalitarian times.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives Power: Memory, Accountability, and Social Justice - Jimerson, Randall C. (Amer Library Assn, 2009)
Grounded in historical and social theory, this analysis of the power of archives and the role of archivists in society calls for renewed emphasis on remembrance, evidence, and documentation as a means of securing open government, accountability, diversity, and social justice, within an archival ethics of professional and societal responsibility.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Paper Wars: Access to Information in South Africa - Allan, Kate (Wits University Press, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archiving Challenges in Africa: The Case of Post-Conflict Liberia - Proscovia, Svärz (IASA Journal: International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

ARCHIVAL POLICIES IN THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - Quintana, Antonio González (International Council on Archives, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

La Isla: Archives of a Tragedy - Stelzner, Uli (2009)
In July 2005 a huge explosion in the Guatemalan Capital leads to the discovery of the historic archive of the National Police. On the grounds of the today's Police Academy used to be located the island, the secret prison of notori...
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archival Landscape: Archives and Human Rights - Stinnett, Graham (Progressive Librarian: A Journal for Critical Studies & Progressive Politics in Librarianship, 2009)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Article 14(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Exclusion from International Refugee Protection - Kapferer, Sibylle (Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2008)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Art Of Political Murder: Who Killed the Bishop? - Goldman, Francisco (Grove Press, 2008)
Bishop Juan Gerardi, Guatemala’s leading human rights activist, was bludgeoned to death in his garage on a Sunday night in 1998, two days after the presentation of a groundbreaking church-sponsored report implicating the military in the murders and disappearances of some two hundred thousand civilians. Realizing that it could not rely on police investigators or the legal system to solve the murder, the church formed its own investigative team, a group of secular young men in their twenties who called themselves Los Intocables (the Untouchables). Known in Guatemala as “The Crime of the Century,” the Bishop Gerardi murder case, with its unexpectedly outlandish scenarios and sensational developments, confounded observers and generated extraordinary controversy. In his first nonfiction book, acclaimed novelist Francisco Goldman has spoken to witnesses no other reporter has reached, and observed firsthand some of the most crucial developments in the case. Now he has produced The Art of Political Murder, a tense and astonishing true detective story that opens a window on the new Latin American reality of mara youth gangs and organized crime, and tells the story of a remarkable group of engaging, courageous young people, and of their remarkable fight for justice.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Right to Health - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (World Health Organization, 2008)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice - Normand, Roger; Zaidi, Sarah (Indiana University Press, 2008)
Human rights activists Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi provide a broad political history of the emergence and development of the human rights movement in the 20th century through the crucible of the United Nations, focusing on the hopes and expectations, concrete power struggles, national rivalries, and bureaucratic politics that molded the international system of human rights law. The book emphasizes the period before and after the creation of the UN, when human rights ideas and proposals were shaped and transformed by the hard-edged realities of power politics and bureaucratic imperatives. It also analyzes the expansion of the human rights framework in response to demands for equitable development after decolonization and organized efforts by women, minorities, and other disadvantaged groups to secure international recognition of their rights.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Implicitly Guarantee a Right to Habeas Corpus? - Farrell, Brian (Human Rights Brief, 2008)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Lorsque la coopération internationale s’intéresse aux archives : l’exemple de la Tunisie. - Jacobs, Christophe (Comma, International Journal on Archives, 2008)

The Archives of Universal History - Rothschild, Emma (Journal of World History, 2008)
This article looks at early proposals for an international archive, at the different respects in which archives are international or transnational, and at the development since 1946 of the archives of international organizations. It suggests that the history of the UN's involvement with archives is itself a development of historical and even political interest.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Access and democratisation of information: the documentation of war atrocities by the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. - Svärd, Proscovia (Comma, International Journal on Archives., 2008)

On dealing with the past, transitional justice and archives - Syrri, Despina (Balcanica, 2008)
This paper aims to explore initiatives in dealing with the past in South East Europe, particularly with regard to archives, and to reflect on discussions about the documentation of atrocities and sufferings and the shift from war to peace, ongoing in the Balkan countries affected by the 1991–1999 wars while the countries are still struggling to find the best way(s) to deal with the past and its consequences. Transitional justice may be framed as opening up different approaches to create collective memories, to share and to transfer these through time-space. New technologies used in archiving are assumed to open new avenues to democratization and accountability, in communication and free circulation of information, and to create a much broader negotiating process, with significant opportunities for the preservation of memory(ies), documentation and contestation — a far more multi-sited, multi-scalar and multi-level board where novel alliances, formations and mediations might arise. One particular case is that of the digitization and public accessibility of the tribunals’ archives, which are supposed to constitute an important legal and cultural heritage that belongs to the world community, as well as to the states and the citizens involved. The information contained in these archives is expected to be made available for new forms of use, such as scientific research and investigation by/for surviving relatives, while respecting different legal constraints. The archives would also serve the advancement of the international justice system by explaining the workings of the tribunals to the general public. Consequently the important question that arises is the ownership of these archives. The reciprocal “production” and “consumption” (shaping) of the colonial narrative of history and identity entail that the former colonizers and colonized are a community of records, sharing a common archival heritage. Therefore, what in Western archival practice is called the subject of the record has to be reconsidered as a full partner in the record-creating process, as a co-creator of the record. These archives thus seem to constitute a “joint heritage” shared by a number of “communities of records”, contributing to the possible formation of new identities and politics.

NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit: Die geheime Vergangenheitspolitik der DDR - Leide, Henry (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007)
Bis heute gilt die konsequente Verfolgung von NS-Ttern als "gute Seite" des Ministeriums f"r Staatssicherheit der DDR. Doch hinter der Fassade des antifaschistischen Musterstaats wurde ein sorgsam verh"lltes, doppeltes Spiel gespielt: SED und Staatssicherheit prangerten die Bundesrepublik an und lieferten Flle f"r Vorzeigeprozesse, aber zugleich stellten sie Ermittlungen gegen NS-Tter hintan, wenn sie dem Image der DDR zuwiderliefen. Henry Leide analysiert systematisch die Formen dieser Politik: Anwerbungen von fr"h amnestierten oder nie verurteilten NS-Verbrechern als Informanten und Agenten in Ost und West, mangelhafte Ermittlungen gegen Hunderte belastete DDR-B"rger, vereitelte Strafverfahren gegen angesehene DDR-rzte und verweigerte Rechtshilfe f"r die auslndische Justiz bei gleichzeitiger Monopolisierung vieler Akten durch die Geheimpolizei. In dieser Praxis entpuppt sich der DDR-Antifaschismus als instrumentelles Kampfprogramm in der deutsch-deutschen Systemkonkurrenz.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Resolution 6/36. Expert mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples - Human Rights Council (2007)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Deciphering the archives of Guatemala's dirty war - Doyle, Kate (Harper’s Magazine, 2007)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Atrocity Files. Deciphering the Archives of Guatemala's Dirty War.The Atrocity Files. - Doyle, Kate; Doyle, Kate (Harper's Magazine, 2007)

Counting the Dead: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights Activism in Colombia - Tate, Winifred (University of California Press, 2007)
At a time when a global consensus on human rights standards seems to be emerging, this rich study steps back to explore how the idea of human rights is actually employed by activists and human rights professionals. Winifred Tate, an anthropologist and activist with extensive experience in Colombia, finds that radically different ideas about human rights have shaped three groups of human rights professionals working there--nongovernmental activists, state representatives, and military officers. Drawing from the life stories of high-profile activists, pioneering interviews with military officials, and research at the United Nations Human Rights Commission in Geneva, Counting the Dead underscores the importance of analyzing and understanding human rights discourses, methodologies, and institutions within the context of broader cultural and political debates.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - OHCHR (United Nations, 2007)
Published: 13 September 2007 Author: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Presented: At the 33rd session of the HRC. Links: A/RES/61/295 (also available in 60 more languages)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archives of the People, by the People, for the People - Evans, Max (The American Archivist, 2007)
Archivists today are caught between an expanding volume of records and a growing public expectation that every page in every document is online and indexed. With so many records and so few resources to provide on-demand access to them, the problem seems intractable. More money alone is not the answer; larger appropriations or donations cannot solve this problem. Instead, archivists must fundamentally shift the way they think about their roles and develop alternative means and methods for doing archival work.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

UN Human Rights Council: Right to the Truth, Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (United Nations, 2007)
Fifth session Item 2 of the provisional agenda
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The making of the "Rape of Nanking": History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States (A Study of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University) - Orr, James (Pacific Affairs, 2007)
In Japan's case, there was hardly any awareness of the Nanjing atrocities in wartime, such sensibilities being deprived of fuel by censorship and overwhelmed by popular war fever and the desire to see Japan as the champion of international justice. The civil war with the Nationalists and the ensuing Cold War meant that PRC propaganda regarding Nanjing focused on Nationalist incompetence and US dastardliness, as in purported ulterior motives behind the establishment of the Nanjing safety zone for civilian Chinese.
Keywords: Atrocities; Business And Economics; Cold War; Consciousness; History--History Of Asia; Political Science; Political Science--International Relations; Rape; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works

ISDF International Standard for Describing Functions - Committee on Best Practices and Standards (International Council on Archives, 2007)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The importance of ‘Othering’ in China's national identity: Sino-Japanese relations as a stage of identity conflicts - Suzuki, Shogo (The Pacific Review, 2007)
Recent studies have increasingly argued that the Chinese leadership uses Japan’s imperialistic past as a tool for domestic and political bargaining. However, this argument fails to appreciate the embedded nature of negative memories within China. This article forwards an alternative argument by situating Japanese militaristic history within Chinese national identity. By examining a wide range of Chinese primary sources often underutilized by International Relations (IR) analysts, it moves beyond narrow, elite-centred explanations. The article argues that modern China’s national identity has been characterized by an acute sense of ‘victimhood’ arising from its turbulent interactions with International Society, and that Japan plays an important role as an ‘Other’ which enhances China’s self-image as a ‘victim’. Furthermore, it claims that Japan’s emergence as an ‘Other’ in China’s national identity is a by-product of China’s attempts to regain its social and moral legitimacy within a post-Cold War International Society increasingly dominated by the Western powers. By highlighting the deeply entrenched nature of Japanese imperialist history in China’s national identity, the article also shows that history is more than just part of a ‘toolkit’ that can be rationally utilized by the political elite, and that states are moral agents that are deeply affected by history.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Urge to Remember: The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction and Transitional Justice - Barsalou, Judy; Baxter, Victoria (United States Institute of Peace, 2007)
This report focuses on the often-ignored challenges faced by those seeking, through memorialization, to help repair societies that are emerging from violent conflict. The summary matrix at the end of this report provides recommendations to international actors interested in assisting in that process.

The Urge to Remember: The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction and Transitional Justice - Barsalou, Judy; Baxter, Victoria (United States Institute of Peace, 2007)
This report focuses on the often-ignored challenges faced by those seeking, through memorialization, to help repair societies that are emerging from violent conflict. The summary matrix at the end of this report provides recommendations to international actors interested in assisting in that process.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Public Records and Archives as Tools for Good Governance: Reflections Within the Recordkeeping Scholarly and Practitioner Communities - Kemoni, Henry N.; Ngulube, Patrick; Stilwell, Christine (ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives, 2007)
The article presents the various points of view regarding the definitions and uses of records and archives amongst the recordkeeping scholarly and practitioner communities. It demonstrates that whereas records and archives are useful tools for facilitating transparency, accountability and good governance in society, they could be used as instruments of repression and human rights abuses. Attempts made by various regimes to destroy evidence documented in records to conceal actions related to misuse of power and human rights abuses are highlighted. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for records and archives personnel to collaborate in order to establish good recordkeeping regimes that facilitate the exploitation and use of records and archives as tools for governance, enhancement of public service delivery and achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. It is hoped that the article will stir further debate and encourage more research among recordkeeping scholars, consultants, researchers and practitioners into the use of records and archives as tools for good governance and protection of human rights.
Keywords: Archives; Governance; Human Rights; Recordkeeping; Records; United Nations Millennium Development Goals

Act 52 of 2007 - Medical care availability and reduction of error (MCARE) act. Chapter 4. Health care-associated infections - health.pa.gov (2007)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Tismaneanu Report: Romania Revisits Its Past - Tanasoiu, Cosmina (Problems of Post-Communism, 2007)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - United Nations (OHCHR, 2006)
Entry into force: 3 May 2008, in accordance with article 45(1). Preamble (a) Recalling the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Council. Decision 2/105. Right to the Truth - Commission on Human Rights (United Nations, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Access, the democratic imperative - Ketelaar, Eric (Archives and Manuscripts, 2006)
Informit is an online service offering a wide range of database and full content publication products that deliver the vast majority of Australasian scholarly research to the education, research and business sectors. Informit encompasses online products: Informit Indexes, Informit Plus Text and Informit Collections.

Touchstones: Considering the Relationship between Memory and Archives - Millar, Laura (Archivaria, 2006)
This paper considers the relationship between memory and archives by exploring the concepts of individual and collective memory and by examining the processes involved with creating, capturing, storing, and retrieving memories. The author considers the metaphor of archives as memory and relates our perception of memory to our understanding of the creation, preservation, and use of records and archives. She demonstrates that individual and collective memory represent only a fragment of life events and she reflects on the emotional, temporal, and political realities that affect what we remember and how. She concludes that records and archives are not in themselves “memories” but only touchstones upon which memories may be retrieved, preserved, and articulated. RÉSUMÉCe texte examine le lien entre la mémoire et les archives en explorant les concepts de la mémoire individuelle et collective et en analysant les processus associés à la création, la saisie, la sauvegarde et le repérage des souvenirs. L’auteure sonde la métaphore des archives comme mémoire, puis elle lie notre perception de la mémoire à une connaissance de la création, de la préservation et de l’usage des documents et des archives. Elle montre que la mémoire individuelle et collective ne représente qu’un fragment des événements d’une vie donnée et elle considère les réalités émotives, temporelles et politiques qui influent sur ce dont on se souvient et comment l’on y parvient. Elle conclue que les documents et les archives ne sont pas d’euxmêmes des « souvenirs », mais qu’ils sont plutôt des balises sur lesquels l’on peut retrouver, préserver et articuler des souvenirs.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 - Judt, Tony (Penguin Books, 2006)
Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations Arthur Ross Book Award • One of the New York Times' Ten Best Books of the Year“Impressive . . . Mr. Judt writes with enormous authority.” —The Wall Street Journal“Magisterial . . . It is, without a doubt, the most comprehensive, authoritative, and yes, readable postwar history.” —The Boston GlobeAlmost a decade in the making, this much-anticipated grand history of postwar Europe from one of the world's most esteemed historians and intellectuals is a singular achievement. Postwar is the first modern history that covers all of Europe, both east and west, drawing on research in six languages to sweep readers through thirty-four nations and sixty years of political and cultural change-all in one integrated, enthralling narrative. Both intellectually ambitious and compelling to read, thrilling in its scope and delightful in its small details, Postwar is a rare joy. Judt's book, Ill Fares the Land, republished in 2021 featuring a new preface by bestselling author of Between the World and Me and The Water Dancer, Ta-Nehisi Coates.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Professional ethics and practice in archives and records management in a human rights context - Cook, Michael (Journal of the Society of Archivists, 2006)
This article contains a survey of ethical codes adopted by the Archives and Records Management (ARM) professional associations in Anglophone areas in the 1990s and notes that such codes are in effect standards to set beside other standards. The Museums Association code of ethics is compared, because it is aimed at institutions and not at individual professionals. It can be observed that institutional aims contain a strong ethical component. This is backed by procedural standards and guidelines required by new legislation in the UK (notably Freedom of Information and Data Protection). ARM professionals are faced with growing tensions in the interfaces between them and creators of records, owners of records, users and data subjects. Ethical decisions are constantly being demanded in all these areas. There is then a review of ARM responses to the human rights movement internationally, ranging from the ethical code proposed by the Quintana Report (1997), through subsequent discussions at CITRA, the Vienna Congress of the International Council on Archives (2004) and the University of Liverpool conference on archives and political pressures (2003). The article concludes by proposing that codes of ethics should be extended to direct the work of institutions as well as of individuals, that ethical principles embedded in procedural standards and guidelines should be recognised and codified, and that human rights issues should be explicitly recognised in ARM services through mission and policy statements.

Archives as Spaces of Memory - Ketelaar, Eric (Journal of the Society of Archivists, 2006)
The first part of this paper deals with truth, justice, memory and the role of archives. The record speaks with multiple voices through many intermediaries. Those intermediaries are the subject of the second part of the paper addressing the issue of connecting people's stories with public archives, using technologies for social navigation and ubiquitous computing which can transform archives into social spaces of memory.
Keywords: From the Forerunners of Document Collection to the Trial of Klaus Barbie and beyond

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2005 - Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law - United Nations (United Nations, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

German Reparations to the Jews after World War II: A Turning Point in the History of Reparations - Colonomos, Ariel; Armstrong, Andrea (The Handbook of Reparations, 2006)
The post-world war II German-Israeli reparations program is the largest, most comprehensive reparations program ever implemented. Traditionally, reparations were supported by the vanquished and were designed to compensate the victor for the damages caused during the war. The Wiedergutmachung (literally “making the good again”) program as it is called in Germany, or Shilumim (the payments) as Israelis usually prefer to refer to it, innovates in many areas and goes beyond this interstate framework. Jewish leaders participated in the Luxembourg negotiations that led to the signature of the 1952 treaty, and community networks played a crucial role in the distribution of the money to the victims. Civil society groups played an instrumental role in the United States as plans for reparations were being discussed during the war. Neither the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) nor Israel existed during the war. Reparations have been paid to the state of Israel and were paid to Jewish Holocaust survivors regardless of their nationality. The FRG benefited politically and economically from this treaty. It was able to enter the international arena and establish diplomatic relations with Israel, whose economy greatly benefited from the money it received.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Study on the Right to the Truth, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - Commission on Human Rights (2006)
Sixty-second session Item 17 of the provisional agenda
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Freedom of Information Around the World 2006: A Global Survey of Access to Government Information Laws - Banisar, David (Privacy International, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century - Leitenberg, Milton (Cornell University, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Prosecution Initiatives - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations, 2006)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Transformation: the Czech experience - People in Need (Organization) (People in Need, 2006)
Keywords: 1989-1992; 1993-; Czech Republic; Czechoslovakia; Democratization; Economic policy; Politics and government; Post-communism; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives, Truth, and Reconciliation - Sachs, Albie (Archivaria, 2006)
This lecture by Justice Albie Sachs of the South African Constitutional Court recounts his “archive fever.” Archivaria asked Verne Harris of the Nelson Mandela Foundation to prepare a short introduction. RÉSUMÉCet exposé du juge Albie Sachs de la Cour constitutionnelle de l’Afrique du Sud (South African Constitutional Court) évoque sa « fièvre des archives ». Archivaria a demandé à Verne Harris de la Fondation Nelson Mandela de préparer une brève introduction.

The Pinheiro Principles: United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons - Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Japanese Apologies for World War II: A Rhetorical Study: A Rhetorical Study - Yamazaki, Jane (Routledge, 2005)
Post-war Japan offers a compelling case study of national apologies for past wrongdoings. Actions of the Japanese Army and government during the Second World War caused enormous suffering and distress throughout Asia, leaving a legacy of resentment and distrust. Beginning in the mid-1980s, apology for wartime actions became a recurring issue for Japan. Repeated calls for apology from various quarters as well as repeated apologies by Japanese officials provide a rich source for the study of national apology and how public apology discourse develops over time. Unlike most rhetorical studies that focus on apologia in the broad sense, this study concentrates on the strategy of the ‘true apology.’ The study combines rhetorical, sociological and historical approaches to address multiple examples of Japanese apology during the period 1984 to 1995. The author suggests that motive is more complex than the ‘image restoration’ theory that is prevalent in rhetorical theory. More specifically, this study emphasizes repair of relationships, self-reflection leading to a ‘new’ improved identity and affirmation of moral principle as reasons for apology.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Refworld | Families Torn Apart: The High Cost of U.S. and Cuban Travel Restrictions - Human Rights Watch (Refworld, 2005)
This 69-page report shows how the travel policies of both countries infringe upon the internationally recognized right to freedom of movement, which includes the right to leave and return to one's own country. In the case of parents and children forced to reside in different countries, the policies also violate the international prohibition on the involuntary separation of families.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Days of Worship and Days of Rest: A View from Israel - Gavison, Ruth (Heidelberg, 2005)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Housing and property restitution in the context of the return of refugees and internally displaced persons - Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (United Nations, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism - Arendt, Hannah (Schocken, 2005)
Few thinkers have addressed the political horrors and ethical complexities of the twentieth century with the insight and passionate intellectual integrity of Hannah Arendt. She was irresistible drawn to the activity of understanding, in an effort to endow historic, political, and cultural events with meaning. Essays in Understanding assembles many of Arendt’s writings from the 1930s, 1940s, and into the 1950s. Included here are illuminating discussions of St. Augustine, existentialism, Kafka, and Kierkegaard: relatively early examinations of Nazism, responsibility and guilt, and the place of religion in the modern world: and her later investigations into the nature of totalitarianism that Arendt set down after The Origins of Totalitarianism was published in 1951. The body of work gathered in this volume gives us a remarkable portrait of Arendt’s developments as a thinker—and confirms why her ideas and judgments remain as provocative and seminal today as they were when she first set them down.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Condor Years: How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents - Dinges, John (The New Press, 2005)
A compelling and shocking account? of a brutal campaign of repression in Latin America, based on interviews and previously secret documents (The Miami Herald).   Throughout the 1970s, six Latin American governments, led by Chile, formed a military alliance called Operation Condor to carry out kidnappings, torture, and political assassinations across three continents. It was an early ?war on terror? initially encouraged by the CIA?which later backfired on the United States.   Hailed by Foreign Affairs as ?remarkable? and ?a major contribution to the historical record,? The Condor Years uncovers the unsettling facts about the secret US relationship with the dictators who created this terrorist organization. Written by award-winning journalist John Dinges and updated to include later developments in the prosecution of Pinochet, the book is a chilling yet dispassionately told history of one of Latin America?s darkest eras. Dinges, himself interrogated in a Chilean torture camp, interviewed participants on both sides and examined thousands of previously secret documents to take the reader inside this underground world of military operatives and diplomats, right-wing spies and left-wing revolutionaries.   ?Scrupulous, well-documented.? ?The Washington Post   ?Nobody knows what went wrong inside Chile like John Dinges.? ?Seymour Hersh
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Resolution 2005/66: Right to the Truth - Commission on Human Rights (United Nations, 2005)
Adopted without a vote. See chap. XVII, E/CN.4/2005/L.10/Add.17
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Genocidal Archives: The African Context—Genocide in Rwanda - Adami, Tom A.; Hunt, Martha (Journal of the Society of Archivists, 2005)
When looking at international criminal justice archival theory and practice, it is difficult to find many examples. There are the two current ad-hoc international criminal tribunals dealing with the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) in The Hague, Netherlands and Arusha, Tanzania, respectively. Prior to 1993 one has to go back to the late 1940's and the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Trials. This article asks whether there is such a thing as international criminal justice archival theory and details several of the unique aspects of record-keeping practice in an international organisation that deals with genocide and other crimes against humanity. Much valuable and innovative work has been carried out by the staff of the records and archives unit of ICTR since 1998 and the continuation of these approaches will be vital to future similar organisations. In light of current developments to deal with the former Iraqi regime in a hybrid internatioinal and/or domestic Iraqi court, valuable lessons can be learnt from the experience of the ICTY and the ICTR.

Promotion and Protection of Human Rights - Orentlicher, Diane (United Nations - Economic and Social Council, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Chapter 2 - Archival institutions - Cunningham, Adrian (Archives: Recordkeeping in Society Topics in Australasian Library and Information Studies, 2005)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Open Memory: Using inter-institutional cooperation to facilitate access to human rights. - Ferrari, Damian (New Tactics Project of the Center for Victims and Torture., 2005)

Access to archives - A handbook of guidelines for implementation of Recommendation No R(2000)13 on a European policy on access to archives - Kecskeméti, Charles; Székely, Iván (Council of Europe, 2005)
In the early 1990s, when Europe ceased to be divided in opposing political blocs, the Council of Europe concluded that access to archives was one of the key issues to be addressed in. order to fortify democracy throughout the continent. Intensive, in-depth preparation led to the drafting of Recommendation No. R (2000) 13 on a European Policy on Access to Archives, the first intergovernmental standard in this field.The recommendation is motivated by the ethical conviction that knowledge of the past constitutes a human right and that in a democracy citizens are entitled to access to an unbiased presentation of their history based on authentic sources preserved in archives.This handbook explains the principles that should govern access policy and practice in the 21st century, summarises the main findings of a pan-European survey on the situation regarding access to archives and formulates a set of guidelines for the implementation of the recommendation intended for civil servants and decision makers, archival authorities and archivists, the scholarly community and civil organizations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

A handbook of the communist security apparatus in East Central Europe 1944-1989 - Persak, Krzysztof; Kamiński, Łukasz (Institute of National Remembrance, 2005)
Keywords: Communism; Europe, Central; Europe, Eastern; History; Internal security; Political persecution; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Secret service; Soviet Union

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory - Sanford, George (Routledge, 2005)
The Soviet massacre of Polish prisoners of war at Katyn and in other camps in 1940 was one of the most notorious incidents of the Second World War. The truth about the massacres was long suppressed, both by the Soviet Union, and also by the United States and Britain who wished to hold together their wartime alliance with the Soviet Union. This informative book examines the details of this often overlooked event, shedding light on what took place especially in relation to the massacres at l
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Oral History as a Mechanism for Dealing with the Past. - Toma, Marijana (Comma, International Journal on Archives, 2005)

'We must remember our past so that we do not repeat it' - Forde, Helen (Journal of the Society of Archivists, 2004)
The theme of the 2003 CITRA conference concentrated on archives and human rights and the problems associated with the status, use and collection of such archives. It provided a global view of large-scale denial of human rights, and gave insight into different views and perceptions. In the UK the issue is less the mass denial of human rights, more the recurrent denial to individuals. How does the UK measure up in terms of trying to prevent the abuse of such rights? Will the implementation of the Freedom of Information Act make a difference? Raising awareness is a first step, but more action is needed in order to avoid any repetition of past failures.

Post‐totalitarian national identity: public memory in Germany and Russia - Forest, Benjamin; Johnson, Juliet; Till, Karen (Social & Cultural Geography, 2004)
Through a comparative analysis of Germany and Russia, this paper explores how participation in the memorialization process affects and reflects national identity formation in post‐totalitarian societies. These post‐totalitarian societies face the common problem of re‐presenting their national character as civic and democratic, in great part because their national identities were closely bound to oppressive regimes. Through a comparison of three memorial sites—Sachsenhausen concentration camp memorial in Germany, and Lubianka Square and the Park of Arts in Russia—we argue that even where dramatic reductions in state power and the opening of civil society have occurred, a simple elite–public dichotomy cannot adequately capture the nature of participation in the process of memory re‐formation. Rather, mutual interactions among multiple publics and elites, differing in kind and intensity across contexts, combine to form a complex pastiche of public memory that both interprets a nation's past and suggests desirable models for its future. The domination of a ‘Western’ style of memorialization in former East Germany illustrates how even relatively open debates can lead to the exclusion of certain representations of the nation. Nonetheless, Germany has had comparatively vigorous public debates about memorializing its totalitarian periods. In contrast, Russian elite groups have typically circumvented or manipulated participation in the memorialization process, reflecting both a reluctance to deal with Russia's totalitarian past and a emerging national identity less civic and democratic than in Germany.
Keywords: Germany; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; Russia; monuments and memorials; politics of memory; public memory

The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies : - United Nations (United Nations, 2004)
DAA Highlights key issues and lessons learned from the Organization's experiences in the promotion of justice and the rule of law in conflict and post-conflict societies. Provides details on i) strengthening the rule of law and transitional justice in the wake of conflict; ii) articulating a common language of justice for UN; iii) basing assistance on international norms and standards; iv) identifying the role of UN peace operations; v) assessing national needs and capacities; vi) supporting domestic reform constituencies; vii) recognizing the political context; viii) embracing integrated and complementary approaches; ix) filling a rule of law vacuum; x) developing national justice systems; xi) learning lessons from the ad hoc criminal tribunals; xii) supporting the role of the International Criminal Court; xiii) facilitating truth telling; xiv) vetting the public service; xv) delivering reparations; xvi) coordinating our efforts; and xvii) building our roster of experts. Also includes recommendations.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Fact-Finding by Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations: Challenges,Strategies, and the Shaping of Archival Evidence - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 2004)

Archives and Historical Accountability: Toward a Moral Theology of Archives - O'Toole, James (Archivaria, 2004)

General Comment No. 31 [80] The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant Adopted on 29 March 2004 (2187th meeting) - United Nations Human Rights Committee (United Nations, 2004)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Ethics of Memory - Margalit, Avishai (Harvard University Press, 2004)
Much of the intense current interest in collective memory concerns the politics of memory. In a book that asks, "Is there an ethics of memory?" Avishai Margalit addresses a separate, perhaps more pressing, set of concerns. The idea he pursues is that the past, connecting people to each other, makes possible the kinds of "thick" relations we can call truly ethical. Thick relations, he argues, are those that we have with family and friends, lovers and neighbors, our tribe and our nation--and they are all dependent on shared memories. But we also have "thin" relations with total strangers, people with whom we have nothing in common except our common humanity. A central idea of the ethics of memory is that when radical evil attacks our shared humanity, we ought as human beings to remember the victims. Margalit's work offers a philosophy for our time, when, in the wake of overwhelming atrocities, memory can seem more crippling than liberating, a force more for revenge than for reconciliation. Morally powerful, deeply learned, and elegantly written, The Ethics of Memory draws on the resources of millennia of Western philosophy and religion to provide us with healing ideas that will engage all of us who care about the nature of our relations to others.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

French Senate backs headscarf ban - BBC News (BBC News, 2004)
The upper house of the French parliament approves a bill banning Islamic headscarves in state schools.
Keywords: BBC; BBC News; British; Foreign; International; News; News online; Online; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights; Service; Uk; World

The Rule of Law in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Glendon, Mary Ann (Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 2004)
Our abiding commitment to the rule of law is the very bedrock of our civilization. It is what makes all else possible, from the flowering of the arts to the steady advance of the sciences. The idea that men must govern themselves not by the arbitrary commands of a ruler but by their own considered judgment, is the means whereby chaos is replaced by order. Balanced by the peaceful resolution of differences, the rule of law and the institutions of representative democracy are what stand between civilization and barbarism. It is through law-governed liberty that mankind has been able to achieve so much.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

A nation shamed - Jeffries, Stuart (The Guardian, 2004)
Why does France keep making films that glorify the Resistance and gloss over the truth about collaboration? By Stuart Jeffries.
Keywords: Culture; Film; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Accountability, History, and Archives: Conflicting Priorities or Synthesized Strands? - Dirks, John M. (Archivaria, 2004)

The Ford Foundation's Support For Human Rights Archives. - Divack, Alan (Comma, International Journal on Archives, 2004)

Overcoming the apartheid legacy: the special case of the Freedom Charter - Dominy, Graham (Archival Science, 2004)

"Taking sides": National Archives and the defence of Human rights in a multicultural society. - Nishiguchi, Gabrielle (Comma, International Journal on Archives, 2004)

Prosecution and resistance, compensation and reconcilitation – two repressive systems in a country: the case of German archives - Oldenhage, Klaus (Comma, International Journal on Archives., 2004)

Truth and the records of truth commissions - Peterson, Trudy Huskamp (Studien und Quellen, Etudes et Sources, 2004)

Sino-Japanese Relations: Facing the Past, Looking to the Future? - Rose, Caroline (Routledge, 2004)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Liberation, reconciliation and the importance of the record - Tutu, Desmond (Comma, International Journal on Archives., 2004)

Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide - United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, 2003)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Archives and the Public Good: Accountability and Records in Modern Society - Cox, Richard J.; Wallace, David A. (Journal of Documentation, 2003)
Keywords: Accountability; Archives; Records management

Presidential Materials: Politics and the Presidential Records Act - Montgomery, Bruce (The American Archivist, 2003)
President George W. Bush's Executive Order No. 13,233, issued on 1 November 2001, marked the latest attempt by the executive branch to circumvent or otherwise nullify the key provisions of the Presidential Records Act. Congress passed the Presidential Records Act in 1978 in the wake of the Watergate scandals to assure public ownership and control over presidential materials. Nonetheless, starting with the presidency of Ronald Reagan, who was the first president to be covered by the act, the executive branch has repeatedly attacked the statute through various regulatory schemes and overly broad claims of executive privilege. Indeed, with their historical reputations and legacies at stake, presidents have never fully accepted the concept of yielding control over their presidential materials. This article reviews the troubling history of the Presidential Records Act and the implications of the latest attempts to restrict access to presidential papers.

Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories - Jarausch, Konrad H.; Geyer, Michael (Princeton University Press, 2003)
Broken glass, twisted beams, piles of debris--these are the early memories of the children who grew up amidst the ruins of the Third Reich. More than five decades later, German youth inhabit manicured suburbs and stroll along prosperous pedestrian malls. Shattered Past is a bold reconsideration of the perplexing pattern of Germany's twentieth-century history. Konrad Jarausch and Michael Geyer explore the staggering gap between the country's role in the terrors of war and its subsequent success as a democracy. They argue that the collapse of Communism, national reunification, and the postmodern shift call for a new reading of the country's turbulent development, one that no longer suggests continuity but rupture and conflict. Comprising original essays, the book begins by reexamining the nationalist, socialist, and liberal master narratives that have dominated the presentation of German history but are now losing their hold. Treated next are major issues of recent debate that suggest how new kinds of German history might be written: annihilationist warfare, complicity with dictatorship, the taming of power, the impact of migration, the struggle over national identity, redefinitions of womanhood, and the development of consumption as well as popular culture. The concluding chapters reflect on the country's gradual transition from chaos to civility. This penetrating study will spark a fresh debate about the meaning of the German past during the last century. There is no single master narrative, no Weltgeist, to be discovered. But there is a fascinating story to be told in many different ways.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Teaching an Old Genre New Tricks: The Diary on the Internet - Mcneill, Laurie (Biography, 2003)
This article examines the diary's transformation from print culture practice to online phenomenon, considering the implications of this change for the diary as a literary genre and as life writing. This discussion explores the challenges the online diary represents to traditional concepts of the genre as private and monologic, investigating the ways in which online diarists attract readers, build communities, and create identities in cyberspace.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Montréal Principles on Women's Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (International Federation for Human Rights, 2002)
Refworld is the leading source of information necessary for taking quality decisions on refugee status. Refworld contains a vast collection of reports relating to situations in countries of origin, policy documents and positions, and documents relating to international and national legal frameworks. The information has been carefully selected and compiled from UNHCR's global network of field offices, Governments, international, regional and non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and judicial bodies.
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Stories and names: Archival description as narrating records and constructing meanings - Duff, Wendy M.; Harris, Verne (Archival Science, 2002)
The authors of this essay, coming from very different traditions and modes of archival discourse, explore together archival description as a field of archival thinking and practice. Their shared conviction is that records are always in the process of being made, and that the stories of their making are parts of bigger stories understandable only in the ever-changing broader contexts of society. The exploration begins with an interrogation of the traditional and ever-valid questions of the what and the why of archival description. Thereafter they offer a deconstruction of these questions and of the answers commonly proffered. In these sections of the essay their concern is with descriptive architecture, the analysis covering a number of specific architectures and including only oblique references to descriptive standardization. The concluding section attempts to draw out the implications of their analysis for endeavours - irrespective of the architectures being used - to define, and to justify, descriptive standards. Their call is not to dispense with standardization, but rather to create space for a liberatory approach which engages creatively the many dangers of standardization.

A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Glendon, Mary Ann (Random House Publishing Group, 2002)
Unafraid to speak her mind and famously tenacious in her convictions, Eleanor Roosevelt was still mourning the death of FDR when she was asked by President Truman to lead a controversial commission, under the auspices of the newly formed United Nations, to forge the world’s first international bill of rights. A World Made New is the dramatic and inspiring story of the remarkable group of men and women from around the world who participated in this historic achievement and gave us the founding document of the modern human rights movement. Spurred on by the horrors of the Second World War and working against the clock in the brief window of hope between the armistice and the Cold War, they grappled together to articulate a new vision of the rights that every man and woman in every country around the world should share, regardless of their culture or religion.A landmark work of narrative history based in part on diaries and letters to which Mary Ann Glendon, an award-winning professor of law at Harvard University, was given exclusive access, A World Made New is the first book devoted to this crucial turning point in Eleanor Roosevelt’s life, and in world history.Finalist for the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award
Keywords: Biography & Autobiography / Political; History / United States / 20th Century; Political Science / Human Rights; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Mechanisms complementing prosecution - Olson, Laura (Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge/International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Archives, records, and power: The making of modern memory - Schwartz, Joan M.; Cook, Terry (Archival Science, 2002)
This article serves as the general introduction by the guest editors to the first of two thematic issues of Archival Science that will explore the theme, "archives, records, and power." Archives as institutions and records as documents are generally seen by academic and other users, and by society generally, as passive resources to be .exploited for various historical and cultural purposes. Historians since the mid-nineteenth century, in pursuing the new scientific history, needed an archive that was a neutral repositories of facts. Until very recently, archivists obliged by extolling their own professional myth of impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity. Yet archives are established by the powerful to protect or enhance their position in society. Through archives, the past is controlled. Certain stories are privileged and others marginalized. And archivists are an integral part of this story-telling. In the design of record-keeping systems, in the appraisal and selection of a tiny fragment of all possible records to enter the archive, in approaches to subsequent and ever-changing description and preservation of the archive, and in its patterns of communication and use, archivists continually reshape, reinterpret, and reinvent the archive. This represents enormous power over memory and identity, over the fundamental ways in which society seeks evidence of what its core values are and have been, where it has come from, and where it is going. Archives, then, are not passive storehouses of old stuff', but active sites where social power is negotiated, contested, confirmed. The power of archives, records, and archivists should no longer remain naturalized or denied, but opened to vital debate and transparent accountability.
Keywords: Archival theory; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights; archives and power relationships; identity formation; representation and reality; social memory

Reflections on the Goal of Archival Appraisal in Democratic Societies - Eastwood, Terry (Archivaria, 2002)

Establishing Recognition of Past Injustices: Uses of Archival Records in Documenting the Experience of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War - Roberts-Moore, Judith (Archivaria, 2002)

Selected Themes in the Literature on Memory and Their Pertinence to Archives - Craig, Barbara L. (The American Archivist, 2002)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Virginity Testing in Turkey: A Violation of Women’s Human Rights - Lasco, Chanté (Human Rights Brief, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Recordkeeping, reconciliation and political reality - Piggott, Michael; McKemmish, Sue (Australian Society of Archivists Annual Conference, 2002)
Keywords: Uncategorized

DECLARATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND HUMAN DUTIES - Valencia, Fundacion; Milenio, Tercer (globalization.icaap.org, 2002)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Romania: Bottom of the Heap - Judt, Tony (The New York Review, 2001)
The February 2000 issue of the Bucharest men's magazine Plai cu Boi features one Princess Brianna Caradja. Variously clad in leather or nothing much at
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies - Brito, Alexandra Barahona De; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (Oxford University Press, 2001)
One of the most important political and ethical issues faced during a political transition from authoritarian or totalitarian to democratic rule is how to deal with legacies of repression. This book explores the important aspect of transitional politics, assessing how Portugal, Spain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Germany after reunification, Russia, the Southern Cone of Latin America and Central America, as well as South Africa, have confronted legacies of repression.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Tacit narratives: The meanings of archives - Ketelaar, Eric (Archival Science, 2001)
Archivists and historians usually consider archives as repositories of historical sources and the archivist as a neutral custodian. Sociologists and anthropologists see "the archive" also as a system of collecting, categorizing, and exploiting memories. Archivists are hesitantly acknowledging their role in shaping memories. I advocate that archival fonds, archival documents, archival institutions, and archival systems contain tacit narratives which must be deconstructed in order to understand the meanings of archives.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Judging the Past in Unified Germany - McAdams, A. James (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
In recent years, no modern democracy has taken more aggressive steps to come to terms with a legacy of dictatorship than has the Federal Republic of Germany with the crimes and injustices of Communist East Germany. In this book, A. James McAdams provides a comprehensive and engaging examination of the four most prominent instances of this policy: criminal trials for the killings at the Berlin Wall; the disqualification of administrative personnel for secret-police ties; parliamentary truth-telling commissions; and private property restitution. On the basis of extensive interviews in Bonn and Berlin over the 1990s, McAdams gives new insight into the difficulties German politicians, judges, bureaucrats, and public officials faced sitting in judgment on the affairs of another state. He argues provocatively that the success of their policies must be measured in terms of the way they used East German history to justify their actions. In 1997, A. James McAdams was awarded the DAAD Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in German Studies. He is Professor and Chair of the Department of Government and International Studies at University of Notre Dame, in Notre Dame, Indiana. He is the author of East Germany and Détente (Cambridge University Press, 1985), Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification (Princeton University Press, 1992), and co-author of Rebirth: A Political History of Europe Since World War II (Westview Press, 1999). McAdams is also editor of Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies (University of Notre Dame Press, 1997).
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence - Rigby, Andrew (Lynne Rienner Pub, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Archivaria, 2001)

The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala - Chapman, Audrey; Ball, Patrick (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
This article identifies some of the complexities and factors shaping the efforts of truth commissions. It also evaluates the kinds of truths that truth commissions can most appropriately seek to determine. While truth commissions are often portrayed as generic bodies, they have very different approaches to the kind of "truth" they are seeking. Their official mandates, the perceptions and priorities of their commissioners and key staff, the methodological orientations utilized, and the level of resources available all shape the nature of their findings and the type of report they produce. In addition, decisions made by those working within a specific truth commission, sometimes without an understanding of their implications, often have important consequences for truth-finding. The analysis draws on the experience of the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) Science and Human Rights Program in providing scientific and technical assistance to three recent truth commissions-the Haitian National Commission for Truth and Justice (CNVJ), the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC), and the Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) in Guatemala.

The Past That Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records - Brothman, Brien (Archivaria, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Political Forgiveness - Digeser, Peter (Cornell University Press, 2001)
What does forgiveness mean when it appears in politics, and what is its relationship to other ideas in political philosophy? In Political Forgiveness, P. E. Digeser defends a conception of forgiveness against those who are skeptical of its desirability as a political idea. While much of the previous work on forgiveness reflects theological or psychological perspectives, Digeser offers a concept of political forgiveness that is secular and public rather than religious or personal. It centers on the capacity of victims and creditors to release transgressors and debtors from their moral and financial debts. "If justice is a matter of receiving one's due", he says, "then political forgiveness entails releasing one's due". Nevertheless, political forgiveness remains connected to justice in important ways.Exploring the limits and possibilities of political forgiveness, Digeser considers not only its relationship to justice, but also such issues as who has authority to forgive, the connection between forgiveness and reconciliation, the meaning and scope of group responsibility, the idea of pardoning as a form of political forgiveness, and whether there is an obligation to forgive.
Keywords: Political Science / General; Political Science / History & Theory; References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights: A Survey of Archival Sources in the United States and Canada - Montgomery, Bruce P. (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)

Clarification Commission in Guatemala - Tomuschat, Christian (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Universalizing Human Rights: The Role of Small States in the Construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Waltz, Susan (Human Rights Quarterly, 2001)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

Establishment of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues - Economic and Social Council Resolution 2000/22 - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations, 2000)
Keywords: References - Comma (2020 1-2), Archives and Human Rights

The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography - Maier, Charles S. (University of California Press, 2000)
The Rape of Nanjing was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II. On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing, then the capital of wartime China. According to the International Military Tribunal, during the ensuing massacre 20,000 Chinese men of military age were killed and approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred; in all, the total number of people killed in and around the city of Nanjing was about 200,000. This carefully researched, intelligent collection of original essays considers the post-World War II treatment in China of the Nanjing Massacre and Japan. The book examines how the issue has developed as a political and diplomatic controversy in the five decades since World War II.In his introduction, Joshua A. Fogel raises the significant moral and historiographical issues that frame the other essays. Mark Eykholt then provides an account of postwar Chinese responses to the massacre. Takashi Yoshida assesses the attempts to downplay the incident and its effects, providing a revealing analysis of Japanese debates over Japan's role in the world and the continuing ambivalence of many Japanese toward their defeat in World War II. In the concluding essay, Daqing Yang widens the scope of the discussion by comparing the Nanjing historiographic debates to similar debates in Germany over the nature of the Holocaust.
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms : - Bassiouni, M. Cherif (United Nations, 2000)
Keywords: References - Boel et al. (2021), Archives and Human Rights

Human Rights Archives and Research on Historical Memory: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay - Bickford, Louis (Latin American Research Review, 2000)
[This research note discusses an emerging subfield of inquiry in the study of democratization in Latin America: a focus on the relationships between past human rights abuses and democratization processes. It outlines four sets of questions emerging around the themes of "historical memory" and "legacies of authoritarian rule." The study then examines documentary collections of major human rights nongovernmental organizations (HRNGOs) in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. The purpose of this endeavor is to provide researchers interested in studying the four issues with specific information on documents produced and currently held by the HRNGOs in the Southern Cone. The essay examines seven HRNGOs in Chile, ten in Argentina, and four in Uruguay, and ends with practical hints for researchers who wish to use these resources.]